Lecture #6: Assembling the Tree of Life

Question 1

LO #1: Describe the history of assembling the tree of life, including key scientists and their discoveries

Answer 1

1. Great Chain of being (300s BC): hierarchal scale
2. Carl Linnaeus (1750s): Animal, Veg, Minerals?
3. Charles Darwin (1859): conceptual tree of life w/ no taxa
4. Ernst Hackel (1850s): plants, protists, and animals
5. Robert Whittaker (1960s): 5 kingdoms and 2 domains (Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes) Using metabolism
6. 1953 - DNA
7. Carl Woese (1977): Three Domains (B + A + E)
8. 1980s - PCR
9. Norman Pace (1990s): three domains and expanded B + A
10. A New View on the Tree of Life (2016): expand with only genetic data –> Jill Banefield and Laura Hug

Question 2

all matter on a hierarchal scale from “non-being: through “becoming” and towards “being”

Answer 2

1. The Great Chain of Being (300s BCE)

Question 3

animal, vegetable, or mineral?

Answer 3

2. Carl Linnaeus (1750s)

Question 4

conceptualized the tree of life: no taxa

Answer 4

3. Charles Darwin (1859)

Question 5

included three kingdoms: plants, protists, and animals (organized through thought, not data)

Answer 5

4. Ernst Haeckel (1850s)

Question 6

divided life into 5 kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia. 2 Domains: Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes. THROUGH METABOLISM

Answer 6

5. Robert Whittaker (1960s)

Question 7

1953

Answer 7

6. DNA

Question 8

three domains of life: B + A + E

Answer 8

7. Carl Woese (1977)

Question 9

1980s

Answer 9

8. PCR

Question 10

three domains of life w/ an expanded B and A

Answer 10

9. Norman Pace (1990s)

Question 11

greatly expanded B, most of which are only known from genetic data

Answer 11

10. A New View on the Tree of Life: Laura Hug and Jill Banefield (2016)

Question 12

LO #2.1: define and identify universal homologies

Answer 12

1. lipoprotein cell membrane
2. all life uses DNA bases
3. Ribosomes and the Central Dogma
4. Genetic code

Question 13

LO #2.2: know their implications on the tree of life (universal homologies)

Answer 13

gives us all the evidence that life evolved one time from one common ancestor for all living things

Question 14

LO #2.1: lipoprotein cell membrane can either be 1. __________ ______ or 2. __________ _____ which is selectively permeable and protects the cells from 3. _________ and keeps it 4. _______

Answer 14

1. phospholipid bilayer
2. phospholipid monolayer
3. bursting
4. together

Question 15

LO #2.1: all of life uses 1. ___ composed of the same 2. ____ ________; 3. ______, 4. _______, 5. ______, and 6. ______

Answer 15

1. DNA
2. four nucleotides
3. adenine
4. thiamine
5. cytosine
6. guanine

Question 16

LO #2.1: the 1. _______ _____ is the process by which DNA becomes 2. ______ through the process of 3. __________ and 4. _________

Answer 16

1. Central Dogma
2. protein
3. transcription
4. translation

Question 17

LO #3: DNA is split by a ribosome in order for it to be read by the tRNA (TAC –> AUG)

Answer 17

transcription of the Central Dogma

Question 18

LO #3: tRNA becomes RNA (rRNA) and gets read to become protein

Answer 18

translation

Question 19

LO #2.1: all life uses the three nucleotide _____ ___

Answer 19

genetic code

Question 20

LO #4: Describe the methods used by Carl Woese to discover Archaea

Answer 20

1. rear the organisms in lab
2. starve them from P
3. feed them radioactive P
4. pull out their ribosomes
5. by hand, sequence the DNA
6. put it in a data matrix with organisms he knows and doesn’t know
7. build a phylogeny