Lecture 6 Flashcards
How can load units be characterized?
A load consisting of items or packages held together by one or more means, and shaped or fitted for handling, transporting, stacking and
storing as a unit.
The term
is also used to describe a single large item suitable for the same purpose
› This includes secondary items such as cardboard boxes and plastic trays, which
group or package primary products and tertiary items such as pallets and roll cages,
which, in turn, group secondary items
› Size (volume and weight) of the load unit has major impact on the specification and
operation of the material handling
Name the different functions of load units.
P r i m a r y f u n c t i o n s › Protective function › Storage function › Loading and transport function
S e c o n d a r y f u n c t i o n s › Sales function › Promotional function › Service function › Guarantee function
Te r t i a r y f u n c t i o n s
› Additional function
How can load units be classified systematically?
According to Volume and Weight
Low › Bin, box, tote › Container › Carton › Carton plate (shrinked) › Tray › Cage › Crate
Medium › Pallet (wood, plastic) › Half pallet › Iron barred box › Container › Big box (plastic) › Roll cage trolley › Tray, steel plate
Large › Long pallet › Oversize steel plate › Cassette (for tubes, sheets, etc.) › Intermediate bulk container
Different levels of packaging each form a load unit:
Primary (Single Unit) –> Secondary (Case of Units) –> Tertiary (Pallet of Cases)
Explain the challenge of implementing a standard for pallets.
› Companies and organizations utilize hundreds of different pallet sizes around the
globe
› The lack of a single international standard for pallets causes substantial continuing
expense in international trade
› A single standard is difficult because of the wide variety of needs a standard pallet
would have to satisfy: passing doorways, fitting in standard containers, and bringing
low labor costs
Outline the required markings of an Euro pallet.
Each EUR-pallet bears a number of quality marks:
› On the left and right block the EPAL logo is shown
› On the central block the IPPC symbol, country code, registration number of the national plant protection authority, heat treatment, license number-
year-month
Name and explain standardized load units that are used specifically in retail logistics.
Euro H1 - Hygienic Pallet
› It is used in all areas where high hygiene standards are required
› Various certifications for product safety
› Compatible with other pallet sizes and crates
› Excellent cleaning properties
H2 - Half Size Pallet
› It is used in all areas where high hygiene standards are required
› Compatible with other pallet sizes and crates
› Excellent cleaning properties
Meat crate
› Impact resistant, break-proof and dimensionally stable
› Suitable for manual handling and automatic conveying technology
› Suitable for automatic washing systems
› Easy to clean thanks to smooth surfaces
Insulated Food Container
› Designed for the distribution of temperature-sensitive foodstuffs, both chilled and
frozen
› Keeps foodstuffs at the right temperature for 24 hours, or even more
› Various certifications (e. g. ATP and HACCP)
› Moulded plate holder for cooling
What is meant by the term “Efficient Unit Load”?
EUL’s
› Includes all measures to harmonize and increase the efficiency of storage facilities,
transshipment points and loading areas, as well as recommendation guidelines for
types of packaging such as reusable transport, secondary and tertiary packaging
and recommendations for clear product labelling
› Is fixed component of the logistics manuals of retailers (e.g. the logistics handbook
of Metro or Rewe)
Name and explain different load carriers for low volume and weight.
› Bin, box, tote › Container › Carton › Carton plate (shrinked) › Tray › Cage › Crate
Carton
› A wide range of applications (e. g. Wraparounds, Bag-in-Box, fruit crates, displays,
gift packaging)
› Suitable for packaged goods or bulk material
› Use of the Retail Ready Packaging (RRP) and Shelf Ready Packaging (SRP)
Container › Suitable for transport of bulk goods › Ideal for automated processing › Stackable due to fixing points › Nestable when turned by 180 degrees › Standard dimensions
Tray
› Made of plastic, metal or paper
› Used for fruits and vegetables or chilled products
› The ventilation openings provide the necessary compensation for fluctuations in
humidity and temperature
› Stackable due to fixing points
› Standard dimensions
Crate
› Often used in bakery, meat and poultry, fish and seafood, dairies and cheese, fruit
and vegetables
› Offer good air circulation and protect the sensitive contents from transport damage
and rot
› Standard footprints (but suitable for stacking on Euro pallets)
› Made of plastic, wood or paper
› Foldable, stackable and nestable containers
List the advantages and disadvantages of the Euro pallet.
+ Standardized, universal load unit
+ Great stability
+ Exchange system (Europool or CHEP)
+ Long life span
- High demands on exchangeable pallets
- Additional administrative burden for exchangeable pallets
- Costs
Name additional wooden pallets and characterize them.
One Way Pallet (Export)
› Often used in end consumer transport (e. g. delivery of white goods)
› The pallet is usually disposed of at the end of the supply chain
› Complies with the IPPC standard, therefore suitable for export
› Intended and suitable for one-time transport only
› Design and dimensions not uniformly defined (every special size and design
available)
Container Pallet
› The base area has a dimension of 11400 x 1140 mm or 740 x 1140 mm
› Maximum use of space in ISO-containers (20’ container with 10 pallets or 40’
container with 20 pallets)
› Complies with the IPPC standard, therefore suitable for export
Pressboard Pallet
› Very stable pallets from old wooden pallets, peeling chips or sawmill waste
› Considered as processed wood and therefore does not fall under the regulations for
solid wood (complies with the IPPC standard)
› Low acquisition costs compared to conventional one-way pallets or Euro pallets
› Savings in storage space and transport costs due to the nestable design
Briefly explain the EPAL box pallet.
The EPAL box pallet is the most widely-used exchange iron barred box pallet in the world.
› Standardized by EPAL and approved as an exchangeable pallet in the European
pallet pool
› Each box must be marked with the EPAL logo, the year of manufacture and the
name of the manufacturer
› Several standards exist (e. g. UIC 435-3, VDI 2415 or DIN 15155)
› Predominantly used in the automotive industry
List two advantages and two disadvantages of the intermediate bulk container.
+ Being cubic in form, they can transport more material in the same footprint
compared to cylindrical-shaped containers, and far more than might be shipped in
the same space compared to packaging in consumer quantities.
+ High organization, mobility, integration capabilities.
- Increase logistic and handling timelines,
- High requirements of space and room (if empty and not foldable)
Name three reasons for the decline in piracy.
› Increased naval use
› Upgrading of ships (e.g. barbed wire coils on ship’s sides)
› Armament of the ship’s personnel
› Increasing cooperation among coastal states
Name four advantages and disadvantages of maritime freight transport.
› High transport volume
› Standardization through the use of containers
› High mass efficiency due to large ship loading capacities
› Low transport costs
› Low transport speed
› Poor networking capability
› Low frequency of transport
› Fees for the use of waterways
How can air freight be defined?
Air transportation is the movement of passengers and freight by any conveyance that can sustain controlled flight.
Air freight transport refers to the transport of goods by aircraft, whereby the term air freight can be defined differently.
All goods (in the sense of cargo for air transport) which are transported by aircraft on scheduled or charter flights as freight, express goods or mail. This includes air freight in the narrower sense, express and parcel shipments, and airmail.
