Lecture 6 Flashcards
How can load units be characterized?
A load consisting of items or packages held together by one or more means, and shaped or fitted for handling, transporting, stacking and
storing as a unit.
The term
is also used to describe a single large item suitable for the same purpose
› This includes secondary items such as cardboard boxes and plastic trays, which
group or package primary products and tertiary items such as pallets and roll cages,
which, in turn, group secondary items
› Size (volume and weight) of the load unit has major impact on the specification and
operation of the material handling
Name the different functions of load units.
P r i m a r y f u n c t i o n s › Protective function › Storage function › Loading and transport function
S e c o n d a r y f u n c t i o n s › Sales function › Promotional function › Service function › Guarantee function
Te r t i a r y f u n c t i o n s
› Additional function
How can load units be classified systematically?
According to Volume and Weight
Low › Bin, box, tote › Container › Carton › Carton plate (shrinked) › Tray › Cage › Crate
Medium › Pallet (wood, plastic) › Half pallet › Iron barred box › Container › Big box (plastic) › Roll cage trolley › Tray, steel plate
Large › Long pallet › Oversize steel plate › Cassette (for tubes, sheets, etc.) › Intermediate bulk container
Different levels of packaging each form a load unit:
Primary (Single Unit) –> Secondary (Case of Units) –> Tertiary (Pallet of Cases)
Explain the challenge of implementing a standard for pallets.
› Companies and organizations utilize hundreds of different pallet sizes around the
globe
› The lack of a single international standard for pallets causes substantial continuing
expense in international trade
› A single standard is difficult because of the wide variety of needs a standard pallet
would have to satisfy: passing doorways, fitting in standard containers, and bringing
low labor costs
Outline the required markings of an Euro pallet.
Each EUR-pallet bears a number of quality marks:
› On the left and right block the EPAL logo is shown
› On the central block the IPPC symbol, country code, registration number of the national plant protection authority, heat treatment, license number-
year-month
Name and explain standardized load units that are used specifically in retail logistics.
Euro H1 - Hygienic Pallet
› It is used in all areas where high hygiene standards are required
› Various certifications for product safety
› Compatible with other pallet sizes and crates
› Excellent cleaning properties
H2 - Half Size Pallet
› It is used in all areas where high hygiene standards are required
› Compatible with other pallet sizes and crates
› Excellent cleaning properties
Meat crate
› Impact resistant, break-proof and dimensionally stable
› Suitable for manual handling and automatic conveying technology
› Suitable for automatic washing systems
› Easy to clean thanks to smooth surfaces
Insulated Food Container
› Designed for the distribution of temperature-sensitive foodstuffs, both chilled and
frozen
› Keeps foodstuffs at the right temperature for 24 hours, or even more
› Various certifications (e. g. ATP and HACCP)
› Moulded plate holder for cooling
What is meant by the term “Efficient Unit Load”?
EUL’s
› Includes all measures to harmonize and increase the efficiency of storage facilities,
transshipment points and loading areas, as well as recommendation guidelines for
types of packaging such as reusable transport, secondary and tertiary packaging
and recommendations for clear product labelling
› Is fixed component of the logistics manuals of retailers (e.g. the logistics handbook
of Metro or Rewe)
Name and explain different load carriers for low volume and weight.
› Bin, box, tote › Container › Carton › Carton plate (shrinked) › Tray › Cage › Crate
Carton
› A wide range of applications (e. g. Wraparounds, Bag-in-Box, fruit crates, displays,
gift packaging)
› Suitable for packaged goods or bulk material
› Use of the Retail Ready Packaging (RRP) and Shelf Ready Packaging (SRP)
Container › Suitable for transport of bulk goods › Ideal for automated processing › Stackable due to fixing points › Nestable when turned by 180 degrees › Standard dimensions
Tray
› Made of plastic, metal or paper
› Used for fruits and vegetables or chilled products
› The ventilation openings provide the necessary compensation for fluctuations in
humidity and temperature
› Stackable due to fixing points
› Standard dimensions
Crate
› Often used in bakery, meat and poultry, fish and seafood, dairies and cheese, fruit
and vegetables
› Offer good air circulation and protect the sensitive contents from transport damage
and rot
› Standard footprints (but suitable for stacking on Euro pallets)
› Made of plastic, wood or paper
› Foldable, stackable and nestable containers
List the advantages and disadvantages of the Euro pallet.
+ Standardized, universal load unit
+ Great stability
+ Exchange system (Europool or CHEP)
+ Long life span
- High demands on exchangeable pallets
- Additional administrative burden for exchangeable pallets
- Costs
Name additional wooden pallets and characterize them.
One Way Pallet (Export)
› Often used in end consumer transport (e. g. delivery of white goods)
› The pallet is usually disposed of at the end of the supply chain
› Complies with the IPPC standard, therefore suitable for export
› Intended and suitable for one-time transport only
› Design and dimensions not uniformly defined (every special size and design
available)
Container Pallet
› The base area has a dimension of 11400 x 1140 mm or 740 x 1140 mm
› Maximum use of space in ISO-containers (20’ container with 10 pallets or 40’
container with 20 pallets)
› Complies with the IPPC standard, therefore suitable for export
Pressboard Pallet
› Very stable pallets from old wooden pallets, peeling chips or sawmill waste
› Considered as processed wood and therefore does not fall under the regulations for
solid wood (complies with the IPPC standard)
› Low acquisition costs compared to conventional one-way pallets or Euro pallets
› Savings in storage space and transport costs due to the nestable design
Briefly explain the EPAL box pallet.
The EPAL box pallet is the most widely-used exchange iron barred box pallet in the world.
› Standardized by EPAL and approved as an exchangeable pallet in the European
pallet pool
› Each box must be marked with the EPAL logo, the year of manufacture and the
name of the manufacturer
› Several standards exist (e. g. UIC 435-3, VDI 2415 or DIN 15155)
› Predominantly used in the automotive industry
List two advantages and two disadvantages of the intermediate bulk container.
+ Being cubic in form, they can transport more material in the same footprint
compared to cylindrical-shaped containers, and far more than might be shipped in
the same space compared to packaging in consumer quantities.
+ High organization, mobility, integration capabilities.
- Increase logistic and handling timelines,
- High requirements of space and room (if empty and not foldable)
Name three reasons for the decline in piracy.
› Increased naval use
› Upgrading of ships (e.g. barbed wire coils on ship’s sides)
› Armament of the ship’s personnel
› Increasing cooperation among coastal states
Name four advantages and disadvantages of maritime freight transport.
› High transport volume
› Standardization through the use of containers
› High mass efficiency due to large ship loading capacities
› Low transport costs
› Low transport speed
› Poor networking capability
› Low frequency of transport
› Fees for the use of waterways
How can air freight be defined?
Air transportation is the movement of passengers and freight by any conveyance that can sustain controlled flight.
Air freight transport refers to the transport of goods by aircraft, whereby the term air freight can be defined differently.
All goods (in the sense of cargo for air transport) which are transported by aircraft on scheduled or charter flights as freight, express goods or mail. This includes air freight in the narrower sense, express and parcel shipments, and airmail.
How has the volume of air freight developed in recent years and which drivers were responsible for this?
In recent decades, world air cargo traffic has been characterized by a trend towards increasing air freight transport performance.
Increasing liberalization of world trade Globalization (international supply chains) Increasing importance of Express logistics (growing express segment) Speed, security and reliability as success and differentiation factors Productivity gains through technological development
Name the five largest cargo airports in the world (in terms of cargo volume).
- Hong Kong (5M)
- Memphis TN (4M)
- Shanghai (3.8M)
- Incheon (2.9M)
- Anchorage AK (2.7)
- - - Frankfurt (2.1)
- - - Chicago (1.7)
List the advantages of air freight pallets over air freight containers
ULD (Unit Load Devices) Pallets
› Weight saving
› Flexibility (loading heights and contour adaptable)
› Storage, transport and handling advantages with empty loading equipment
› Elaborate securing with nets, belts, foils
› Risk of contour shifts/protrusions
ULD Containers
› Low interference potential through reliable contours
› Good protection (against damage, moisture etc.)
› Fast loading and unloading
- High empty weight
- Low flexibility in use
Classify the air cargo load and assign it to one aircraft type at a time.
Air cargo can be classified according to its load and assigned to different aircraft types.
Additional Cargo:
› Relatively high network density in relation to the connected airports
› High frequencies of the offered flight movements
› More attractive freight rates through the generation of additional income to the passenger
business
1. Loose / palletized –> Narrow Body
› Loading of loose cargo on narrow-body
aircraft in the lower deck below the
passenger cabin
2. Palletized –> Wide Body
› Wide-body passenger aircraft with cargo
holds for loading units in the lower deck of
the aircraft below the passenger cabin
Pure Cargo:
› Less restrictions regarding dimensions and weights
› Greater efficiency through greater concentration of goods
1 (only). Palletized Cargo –> Wide Body Freighter
› Cargo aircraft which, depending on their design,
have cargo holds for aircraft loading units in both
the “main deck” and the “lower deck”
Name the nine different classes of dangerous goods.
Class 1 Explosives Class 2 Gases Class 3 Flammable Liquids Class 4 Flammable Solids Class 5 Oxidizing and Peroxides Class 6 Toxic and Infectious Class 7 Radioactive Substances Class 8 Corrosive Substances Class 9 Misc.
What are the most important transport documents?
Air Waybill
Dangerous Goods Note
Notification to Captain
Name three characteristics of air freight goods and give an example for each.
Valuable Goods
› Electronics
› Jewelry
› Machine components
Time Sensitive Goods
› Perishable goods
› Fashion and seasonal goods
› Spare parts
Transport sensitive or dangerous goods › Chemical or pharmaceutical goods › Alive animals › optical instruments and measurement technology
What factors influence the freight rate in air freight transport?
Required technology of the aircraft (capacity, dimensions, etc.) Characteristics of the flight route (distance, frequency, etc.) Characteristics of the cargo (volume, weight, value, etc.) Speed and services (delivery obligations, ground handling, etc.) Location and status of airports (e.g. connection to hub-and-spoke network) Volatility of energy prices (fuel costs as the strongest cost item)
What are the cost advantages of air freight transport?
(low capital commitment costs, low packaging costs, inexpensive
transport insurance, low safety stocks, missing quantities avoided)
Name four advantages and disadvantages of air freight transport.
\+ › Speed › High punctuality and reliability › Low costs for packaging and insurance › Low transport risks › High security
- › High primary transport costs › Limited transport weights and volumes › Low network density › High fuel consumption and high emissions › High noise pollution › Dependence on weather conditions
What are Class 1 Explosives?
Explosive materials, which are any substance or article, including a device, which is designed to function by explosion or which, by chemical reaction within itself is able to function in a similar manner even if not designed to function by explosion
What are Class 2 Gases?
All gases which are compressed and stored for
transportation
› Class 2 has three divisions: Flammable (also called
combustible), Non-Flammable/Non-Poisonous, and
Poisonous
What are Class 3 Flammable Liquids?
› Liquids with flash point of not more than 60.5 °C or
any material in a liquid phase with a flash point at or
above 37.8 °C that is intentionally heated and
offered for transportation or transported at or above
its flash point in a bulk packaging.
What are Class 4 Flammable Solids?
› Any materials in the solid phase of matter that can
readily undergo combustion in the presence of a
source of ignition under standard circumstances
What are Class 5 Oxidizing and Peroxides?
› Oxidizing agents other than organic peroxides
(calcium hypochlorite, ammonium nitrate, hydrogen
peroxide, potassium permanganate)
› Organic peroxides, either in liquid or solid form
(benzoyl peroxides, cumene hydroperoxide)
What are Class 6 Toxic and Infectious?
› Toxic substances which are liable to cause death or
serious injury to human health if inhaled, swallowed
or by skin absorption
› Biohazardous substances (Infectious and samples)
What are Class 7 Radioactive Substances?
› Radioactive substances comprise substances or a
combination of substances which emit ionizing
radiation
What are Class 8 Corrosive Substances?
› Corrosive substances are substances that can
dissolve organic tissue or severely corrode certain
metals
What are Class 9 Miscellaneous?
› Hazardous substances that do not fall into the other
categories (asbestos, air-bag inflators, self inflating
life rafts, dry ice)
Air Waybill?
Documents the freight contract and is an accompanying document › Must contain additional information such as the Proper Shipping Name and the UN number › The main functions of an airway bill are: › Contract of Carriage › Evidence of Receipt of Goods › Freight Bill › Certificate of Insurance › Customs declaration
Dangerous Goods Note?
› Gives details about the contents of a consignment to carriers, receiving authorities and forwarders › Contains all the hazardous information required by the air freight forwarder to be able to transport the consignment in a safe manner
Notification to Captain?
› All dangerous goods consignments are listed with their exact loading position › The ramp confirms the undamaged condition and correct loading position of the individual hazardous goods consignments with its signature › The captain signs the receipt of the NOTOC and keeps a copy of it on board
