Lecture 2 Flashcards
Characteristics and Examples of Convenience Products?
› Purchased frequently
› Purchased without great comparison or buying effort
› Low-priced and widely available
› Examples are magazines, laundry detergent or fast food
Characteristics and Examples of Shopping Products
Consumer compares the attributes like quality or price in the purchasing process
› Purchased less frequently with more thought
› Typically more expensive and available in selected outlets
› Examples are clothes, furniture or used cars
Characteristics and Examples of Specialty Products
Consumer products with unique characteristics or brand identification
› Only cater to a specific audience that want exactly those features
› Less comparison between the products due to the specific customer needs
› Examples are professional equipment, designer clothes or special cars
Characteristics and Examples of Unsought Products
› Consumer does not think about buying them under normal conditions
› Typically new innovations are unsoughtful
› Require extensive advertising, selling and marketing offers
› Examples are life insurances or funeral services
FMCG is?
Fast Moving Consumer Goods
What are Fast Moving Consumer Goods?
products that customers consume on a daily basis.
Examples of FMCG “Food” category?
Groceries › Alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages › Tobacco
Examples of FMCG “Nearfood” category?
› Hygiene and cosmetics › Laundry detergent › Paper hygiene › Pet food and pet supplies
What does a lot number enable?
Further identification along the supply chain is given via the lot number.
What is the lot number?
› Combination of numerical digits provided for a product group with commonalities
› Lot or batch numbers are identical for all products that have been produced in this
certain batch
› The lot number on products is often found in a few places (e. g. on the outside of
packaging, within the inventory management software and within the
manufacturers/suppliers record
What is the structure of the lot number?
› Every company has a different way of assigning lot numbers to a product (could be
based on the manufacture date, location, expiration date or a combination of
multiple numbers)
› A lot number is usually a combination of numbers, but sometimes also of numbers
and letters. The code is preceded by either “LOT” or simply an “L”, which allows you
to distinguish it from other codes
When do you use a lot number?
› Product recalls › Quality assurance › Certification › Legal compliance › Lot inventory tracking
What does GMP stand for?
Good manufacturing process
What are the characteristics of GMP?
GMP are the practices required in order to conform to the guidelines recommended by agencies that control the authorization and licensing of
the manufacture and sale of food and beverages, cosmetics, pharmaceutical products, dietary supplements, and medical devices.
What are the basic principles of GMP?
› Manufacturing facilities must maintain a clean and hygienic manufacturing area
› Manufacturing facilities must maintain controlled environmental conditions in order
to prevent cross-contamination from adulterants and allergens that may render the
product unsafe for human consumption or use
› Manufacturing processes must be clearly defined and controlled. All critical
processes are validated to ensure consistency and compliance with specifications
› Manufacturing processes must be controlled, and any changes to the process must
be evaluated. Changes that affect the quality of the drug are validated as necessary
› Records must be made, manually or electronically, during manufacture that
demonstrate that all the steps required by the defined procedures and instructions
were in fact taken and that the quantity and quality of the food or drug was as
expected. Deviations must be investigated and documented
› Records of manufacture (including distribution) that enable the complete history of
a batch to be traced must be retained in a comprehensible and accessible form
› Any distribution of products must minimize any risk to their quality
› A system must be in place for recalling any batch from sale or supply
