Lecture 6: Flashcards
What is the crust made up of?
From Rock made from minerals
What re the elements that are enriched in the lithosphere
Silicon, aluminum, potassium, sodium, calcium
What are terms for rocks in the lithosphere?
Felsic or acid
What are the general elements for the asthenosphere and mesosphere?
Magnesium and iron
What are rocks termed in the asthenosphere or the mesosphere?
(Ultra-)magic or basic
How was the crystals formed in the cave of crystals in naica, Mexico?
Gypsum crystals percipitate from hot water used to fill the cave.
What is a mineral?
Needs to be formed by geological processes, and be able to define it precisely with a chemical formula.
(Check slide 8 definition)
What mineral is copper extracted from?
Malachite or other copper ore minerals
Describe naming of minerals.
Mineralogy rarely hints mineral properties in the name of the mineral.
Describe the properties of minerals.
Minerals all have a crystalline structure meaning its atomic arrangement is ordered. Solid materials are crystalline and solids lacking internal atomic order are called glasses.
______ are building blocks of rocks.
Minerals
What is something that is: Naturally occurring Solid Definite chemical composition (expressed by chemical formula) Characteristic crystal structure
Minerals
Ice water or quartz is a characteristic of ______.
Crystal structure
Which of these are minerals: Motor oil Table salt Rock candy Synthetic diamond Oyster shell
Table salt Oyster shell (biogenic mineral)
What is a crystal?
A single, continuous piece of crystalline solid typically bounded by flat crystal faces.
What is the law that governs crystals?
Equivalent faces found on two samples of the same mineral always bear the same angular relationship. (Slide 15)
What are the various shapes of crystals? Give 8 examples.
Cubes, prisms, blades, and pyramids.
Such as: halite, diamond, staurolite, quartz, garnet, stibnite, calcite, kyanite.
What is an element?
A form of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler form by heating, cooling, or chemical reaction
_______ a form of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler form by heating, cooling, or chemical reaction
Elements
What is a compound?
A combination of 1 or more elements in specific proportions
_______ is a combination of 1 or more elements in specific proportions
Compound
_____ are the smallest particles of an element that retains all of the element’s chemical properties
Atoms
How can we see atoms in a crystalline structure?
X-ray diffraction can determine the spacing of lattice planes inside the mineral. Transmission electron microscope shows the atomic structural pattern of minerals.
Describe the crystalline pattern.
The ordered arrangement of storms forms spectacularly regular patterns. They control crystal shape and many of its physical properties. An ordered pattern creates a repeating motif which creates a crystal lattice.
Describe the symmetry of crystals
The ordered atomic arrangement imparts crystal symmetry, symmetry depends on individual mineral.
What will influence different properties of minerals (like hardness factor)?
Chemical bonding
What are two polymorphs?
Structures that have the same chemical formula but different crystal structure
What are two solid solutions?
Have different chemistry but same structure
What is the difference in size between cations and anions?
Anions are larger than cations.
The way elements are packed into a mineral crystal lattice depends on _______.
Size and charge of the elements’ ions.
What are the different characteristics of atoms of the element that form minerals?
- Size and charge of atoms and ions
- Relative abundance of available elements
- Temperature and pressure at time of formation
What are the available elements within the crust (to form crystals)?
Oxygen Silicon Aluminum Iron Calcium Potassium Magnesium
What are the different conditions that form minerals?
- Solidification from a melt (freezing from liquid)
- Precipitation from a water solution
- Solid-state diffusion (a movement of atoms or ions through a solid)
- Precipitation from a gas (volcanic vent or geysers)
- Bio-mineralization (minerals formed by living organisms)
What re examples of minerals formed from bio-mineralization?
Tooth enamel
Bones of vertebrates
Stones in urinary tract
Shells of molluscs and other invertebrates
Describe growth of crystals
39-41
How are minerals identified?
A skill that is learned by learning physical properties and ways to test for them.
What are some characteristics used to determine minerals?
Colour Streak Luster Hardness Specific gravity Crystal habit Cleavage Reaction to acid Fracture tendency
What are the issues that arrive with identifying minerals through colour?
Visible light spectrum is poorly absorbed by minerals. Colour blindness.
Complete
Slide 45-52
What is a useful property of euhedral crystals and what does it refer to? Ex.
Crystal habit; refers to the shape of the crystal.
Ex. Asbestos
What are the different classification of minerals?
Silicates
Non-silicates
What are major groups of non-silicates?
Oxides, sulfides, sulfates, native elements, and carbonates
What ares one silicates found in the crust?
Slide55
What are some silicate minerals found in the mantle?
Slide 55
