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Geo1111 > Lecture 6: > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Flashcards

1
Q

What is the crust made up of?

A

From Rock made from minerals

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2
Q

What re the elements that are enriched in the lithosphere

A

Silicon, aluminum, potassium, sodium, calcium

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3
Q

What are terms for rocks in the lithosphere?

A

Felsic or acid

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4
Q

What are the general elements for the asthenosphere and mesosphere?

A

Magnesium and iron

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5
Q

What are rocks termed in the asthenosphere or the mesosphere?

A

(Ultra-)magic or basic

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6
Q

How was the crystals formed in the cave of crystals in naica, Mexico?

A

Gypsum crystals percipitate from hot water used to fill the cave.

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7
Q

What is a mineral?

A

Needs to be formed by geological processes, and be able to define it precisely with a chemical formula.
(Check slide 8 definition)

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8
Q

What mineral is copper extracted from?

A

Malachite or other copper ore minerals

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9
Q

Describe naming of minerals.

A

Mineralogy rarely hints mineral properties in the name of the mineral.

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10
Q

Describe the properties of minerals.

A

Minerals all have a crystalline structure meaning its atomic arrangement is ordered. Solid materials are crystalline and solids lacking internal atomic order are called glasses.

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11
Q

______ are building blocks of rocks.

A

Minerals

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12
Q 
What is something that is:
Naturally occurring
Solid
Definite chemical composition (expressed by chemical formula)
Characteristic crystal structure
A

Minerals

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13
Q

Ice water or quartz is a characteristic of ______.

A

Crystal structure

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14
Q 
Which of these are minerals:
Motor oil
Table salt
Rock candy
Synthetic diamond
Oyster shell
A 
Table salt
Oyster shell (biogenic mineral)
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15
Q

What is a crystal?

A

A single, continuous piece of crystalline solid typically bounded by flat crystal faces.

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16
Q

What is the law that governs crystals?

A

Equivalent faces found on two samples of the same mineral always bear the same angular relationship. (Slide 15)

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17
Q

What are the various shapes of crystals? Give 8 examples.

A

Cubes, prisms, blades, and pyramids.

Such as: halite, diamond, staurolite, quartz, garnet, stibnite, calcite, kyanite.

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18
Q

What is an element?

A

A form of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler form by heating, cooling, or chemical reaction

19
Q

_______ a form of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler form by heating, cooling, or chemical reaction

A

Elements

20
Q

What is a compound?

A

A combination of 1 or more elements in specific proportions

21
Q

_______ is a combination of 1 or more elements in specific proportions

A

Compound

22
Q

_____ are the smallest particles of an element that retains all of the element’s chemical properties

A

Atoms

23
Q

How can we see atoms in a crystalline structure?

A

X-ray diffraction can determine the spacing of lattice planes inside the mineral. Transmission electron microscope shows the atomic structural pattern of minerals.

24
Q

Describe the crystalline pattern.

A

The ordered arrangement of storms forms spectacularly regular patterns. They control crystal shape and many of its physical properties. An ordered pattern creates a repeating motif which creates a crystal lattice.

25
Q

Describe the symmetry of crystals

A

The ordered atomic arrangement imparts crystal symmetry, symmetry depends on individual mineral.

26
Q

What will influence different properties of minerals (like hardness factor)?

A

Chemical bonding

27
Q

What are two polymorphs?

A

Structures that have the same chemical formula but different crystal structure

28
Q

What are two solid solutions?

A

Have different chemistry but same structure

29
Q

What is the difference in size between cations and anions?

A

Anions are larger than cations.

30
Q

The way elements are packed into a mineral crystal lattice depends on _______.

A

Size and charge of the elements’ ions.

31
Q

What are the different characteristics of atoms of the element that form minerals?

A
  1. Size and charge of atoms and ions
  2. Relative abundance of available elements
  3. Temperature and pressure at time of formation
32
Q

What are the available elements within the crust (to form crystals)?

A 
Oxygen
Silicon
Aluminum
Iron
Calcium
Potassium
Magnesium
33
Q

What are the different conditions that form minerals?

A
  1. Solidification from a melt (freezing from liquid)
  2. Precipitation from a water solution
  3. Solid-state diffusion (a movement of atoms or ions through a solid)
  4. Precipitation from a gas (volcanic vent or geysers)
  5. Bio-mineralization (minerals formed by living organisms)
34
Q

What re examples of minerals formed from bio-mineralization?

A

Tooth enamel
Bones of vertebrates
Stones in urinary tract
Shells of molluscs and other invertebrates

35
Q

Describe growth of crystals

A

39-41

36
Q

How are minerals identified?

A

A skill that is learned by learning physical properties and ways to test for them.

37
Q

What are some characteristics used to determine minerals?

A 
Colour
Streak
Luster
Hardness
Specific gravity
Crystal habit
Cleavage
Reaction to acid
Fracture tendency
38
Q

What are the issues that arrive with identifying minerals through colour?

A

Visible light spectrum is poorly absorbed by minerals. Colour blindness.

39
Q

Complete

A

Slide 45-52

40
Q

What is a useful property of euhedral crystals and what does it refer to? Ex.

A

Crystal habit; refers to the shape of the crystal.

Ex. Asbestos

41
Q

What are the different classification of minerals?

A

Silicates

Non-silicates

42
Q

What are major groups of non-silicates?

A

Oxides, sulfides, sulfates, native elements, and carbonates

43
Q

What ares one silicates found in the crust?

A

Slide55

44
Q

What are some silicate minerals found in the mantle?

A

Slide 55

Geo1111 (8 decks)

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