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Craniofacial Embryology > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

T/F Saliva moderates bacterial growth and facilitates pellicle formation.

A

True

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2
Q

What is a pellicle?

A

A protective organic layer formed on the surface layer of enamel

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3
Q

What two minerals are provided by saliva to newly erupted teeth?

A

Calcium and phosphorus

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4
Q

T/F Saliva is a hypertonic solution of 97-99.5% water.

A

FALSE. It is a HYPOtonic solution of 97-99.5% water.

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5
Q

What is lingual lipase activated by in the saliva?

A

Stomach acid

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6
Q

What does lactoferrin do in the saliva?

A

Chelates iron necessary for bacterial growth

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7
Q

What does IgA antibody do in the saliva?

A

IgA neutralizes bacteria and viruses

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8
Q

What does SLPI stand for?

A

Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor?

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9
Q

Which antibacterial agent in the saliva is thought to be potent against HIV?

A

SLPI “slippy”

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10
Q

What do histatins do in the oral cavity?

A

Aid in oral cavity wound healing and have antifungal properties

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11
Q

How much saliva is produced daily?

A

1 to 1.5 Liters

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12
Q

Food stimulates taste receptors that send signals to which part of the brain, that in turn stimulates saliva?

A

The medulla and pons of the brainstem

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13
Q

What kind of innervation do salivary glands have?

A

Autonomic Innervation

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14
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation (rest and digest) of salivary glands produces what kind of saliva?

A

Thin, serous saliva in large volumes

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15
Q

Sympathetic (nervous or upset) stimulation of salivary glands produces what kind of saliva?

A

Thicker saliva, with more mucus in small volumes

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16
Q

Why does the Sjogren’s syndrome cause xerostomia?

A

Lymphocytes invade and destroy glandular epithelium of salivary glands.

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17
Q

What is xerostomia treated with?

A

Parasympathomimetic drugs like pilocarpine

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18
Q

Most salivary glands are ________ salivary glands.

A

Minor

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19
Q

Major salivary glands are _______ (intrinsic/extrinsic)

A

extrinsic

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20
Q

Which type of salivary glands continuously produce small amounts of saliva?

A

Minor salivary glands

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21
Q

Major salivary glands produce ______ amounts of saliva in response to neural stimulation.

A

large

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22
Q

About how many minor salivary glands are located throughout the oral cavity?

A

600-1000

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23
Q

Which parts of the oral cavity do not have minor salivary glands?

A

Gingiva and anterior hard palate

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24
Q

Most minor salivary glands are ______ (mucous/serous)

A

mucus

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25
Q

Which minor salivary glands are serous and where are they located?

A

Ebner’s glands in the tongue that surround circumvallate lamina

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26
Q

What are the three paired major salivary glands?

A

Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

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27
Q

What are major glands composed of?

A

Clusters of glandular acini

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28
Q

How are major glands connected to the oral epithelium?

A

They are connected to the oral epithelium by a branching system of ducts

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29
Q

T/F Major salivary glands can respond to mechanical or chemical stimulation of sensory nerve endings in the oral mucosa that act through autonomic efferent neurons.

A

True

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30
Q

Which major salivary gland produces the most volume of saliva?

A

Submandibular gland produces 70%

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31
Q

What is the name of the submandibular duct?

A

Wharton’s duct

32
Q

Which salivary gland is located in the temporal region of the head? What percentage of saliva does it produce?

A

Parotid gland produces 25%

33
Q

What is the name of the parotid duct?

A

Stensen’s duct

34
Q

Which salivary gland has one major duct and many small ducts that enter individually into the oral cavity? What are the names of these ducts?

A

Sublingual gland. The main duct is called Bartholin’s duct and the small ones are call rivian ducts or ducts of Rivinus

35
Q

Which gland produces serous saliva?

A

Parotid

36
Q

What kind of enzymes and proteins are in serous saliva?

A

Enzymes: Amylase, peroxidase, lysozymeProteins: Lactoferrin and IgA

37
Q

Which gland is mixed, mostly serous-secreting?

A

Submandibular

38
Q

Which gland is mixed, mostly mucus producing?

A

Sublingual

39
Q

What is an acinus?

A

A cluster of cells arranged in a sphere with a hollow lumen in the center

40
Q

What shape are cell of secretory acini?

A

Polygonal

41
Q

The central lumen of an acinus first flows in an _______ duct and then into a ________

A

intercalated; striated

42
Q

What kind of epithelium are intercalated duct cells?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium that may become columnar as it approaches the striated duct

43
Q

What ind of epithelium can striated duct cells be?

A

Tall cuboidal or columnar and may be arranged in either a simple or stratified epithelium

44
Q

Serous cells are ________ shaped with a ______ basal end and a _______ apical end.

A

Pyramidal; broad; narrow

45
Q

Serous cells have a well developed rough ________ reticulum

A

endoplasmic

46
Q

Secretory granules produced by serous cells are located in which part of the cytoplasm?

A

Apical region near the lumen

47
Q

Why does the nucleus of mucous cells tend to be pressed up against the basal surface?

A

Because it is crowded by so many mucus vesicles.

48
Q

What kinds of cells surround the periphery of the acinus?

A

Myoepithelial cells

49
Q

Does the mucous acinus readily stain under most routine histologic preparations

A

No it is very difficult to stain and therefore it appears paler than serous acinus

50
Q

What shape do serous cells take on after being histologically fixed and processed?

A

Demilune or half-moon

51
Q

Why do serous cells become demilune?

A

Adjacent mucous cells swell and force the serous cells out

52
Q

Myoepithelial cells are similar to what type of muscle? Where are they derived from?

A

Similar to smooth muscle but are derived from epithelia (muscle is usually derived from mesoderm)

53
Q

What mechanical role do myoepithelial cells play within acini?

A

Weakly contractile, they help to expel saliva from acini and shorten and widen the intercalated ducts

54
Q

What chemical role do myoepithelial cells play within acini?

A

They produce signal molecules necessary for maintaining acinar cell polarity

55
Q

What is a salivon?

A

The basic secretory unit of salivary glands

56
Q

What are the four major parts of a salivon?

A

AcinusIntercalated ductStriated ductExcretory duct

57
Q

Where is primary saliva formed?

A

The acinus and intercalated ducts

58
Q

What kind of concentration does primary saliva possess?

A

Isotonic

59
Q

What kind of concentration does final saliva possess?

A

Hypotonic

60
Q

How does final saliva become hypotonic?

A

Mainly by reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- ions as it passes through the striated and excretory ducts

61
Q

By what mechanism do organic components of saliva get outside of the saliva producing cells and into the acinus?

A

Exocytosis through the apical membrane

62
Q

What neurotransmitter/hormone mediates the exocytosis of secretory cells? By which branch of autonomic innervation is it mediated?

A

Mediated by norepinephrine from sympathetic innervation through beta-adrenergic receptors

63
Q

How is water and electrolyte secretion mediated in the formation of saliva?

A

It is mediated through acetylcholine from parasympathetic innervation.

64
Q

What receptors does acetycholine bind to to activate transport of electrolytes with water?

A

Muscarinic cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors.

65
Q

What transmembrane structures do electrolytes with water pass through?

A

Aquaporin and tight junctions

66
Q

What is the role of salivary gland epithelial cells in getting IgA into the acinus lumen?

A

Salivary gland epithelial cells secrete a glycoprotein secretory component that binds IgA. Bound IgA is internalized and carried through the epithelia cell to the apical plasma membrane and released into the lumen

67
Q

Where is Salivary IgA synthesized?

A

In plasma cells in the CT around the secretory acini

68
Q

How is bound IgA internalized into the epithelial cells?

A

By receptor-mediated endocytosis

69
Q

Myoepithelial cells are found on what two parts of the salivon?

A

Acini and intercalated ducts

70
Q

Which salivary duct adds lysozymes and lactoferrin?

A

Intercalated duct

71
Q

The intercalated duct is simple ________ epithelium.

A

cuboidal

72
Q

How does the striated duct make the saliva hypotonic?

A

By reabsorbing Na+ and Cl- from primary secretions

73
Q

What does the striated duct secrete into the saliva?

A

Buffering bicarbonate (HCO3-)

74
Q

Which duct connects the salivon directly to the oral cavity?

A

Excretory duct

75
Q

The excretory duct may been as a simple ______ epithelium that transitions to simple ______ and often to peusostratified or ________ columnar epithelium near the opening of the duct

A

cuboidal; columnar; stratified

76
Q

Why would fast production of saliva be more salty?

A

If saliva moves too fast through the saliva, then it will not have enough time for the ducts to remove salts

Craniofacial Embryology (10 decks)

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