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Craniofacial Embryology > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurulation proceeds through the _____ week of development.

A

Third

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2
Q

In what two directions does the embryo elongate and fold?

A

Laterally (sideways) and cephalocaudally (head and tail)

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3
Q

Between what two weeks of development does the head and neck begin to form?

A

4th and 5th weeks

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4
Q

What is the layman term for the pharynx?

A

throat

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5
Q

The embryonic pharynx develops a series of external ____ and _____ and internal ______

A

arches, clefts, pouches

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6
Q

How many pharyngeal arches are there?

A

six

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7
Q

Which pharyngeal arch exists only transiently?

A

Fifth arch

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8
Q

Pharyngeal structures are also called ______ structures by some anatomists, since in fish and amphibians these structures turn into gills.

A

Branchial

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9
Q

Which germ layer produces mesenchymal tissue?

A

Mesoderm

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10
Q

Pharyngeal arches consist of bars of _______ tissue separated from each other by _____ pouches and _____ clefts.

A

Mesenchymal; internal; external

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11
Q

Pharyngeal clefts are composed of what germ layer?Pharyngeal pouches?

A
  1. Ectoderm

2. Endoderm

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12
Q

What does the endoderm of the pharyngeal pouches give rise to?

A
  1. Middle ear cavity
  2. Auditory (eustachican) tube
  3. Palatine tonsil
  4. Parathyroid glands
  5. Thymus
  6. Ultimobrachial bodies
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13
Q

Which pharyngeal cleft is the only one that persists to give rise to an adult structure (external auditory meatus)?

A

First pharyngeal cleft

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14
Q

Which arch has two prominences? What are the names of these two prominences?

A

First pharyngeal arch. Maxillary and Mandibular

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15
Q

Each pharyngeal arch contains an ______, ______, and a cranial ______.

A

artery; cartilage, nerve

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16
Q

What germ layer are nerves derived from?

A

Ectoderm

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17
Q

How does an ectoderm-derived nerve end up in the mesoderm-derived mesenchymal tissue of the pharyngeal arch?

A

The ectoderm invades the endoderm.

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18
Q

The development of pharyngeal arches is dependent on the migration of what cells?

A

Neural Crest Cells (NCC)

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19
Q

What do signaling molecules such as sonic hedge hog (Shh), bone morphogenic protein (Bmp), and fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) do?

A

Facilitate the communication of NCCs with surrounding cells for the purpose of guiding the migration of NCCs to the pharyngeal arches.

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20
Q

What are Hox genes?

A

Hox genes control the body plan of an embryo along the cephalocaudal axis.

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21
Q

Why are regional growth factor gradients established by the migrating NCCs?

A

To regulate the differentiation of the developing head and neck tissues.

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22
Q

Each of the first four pharyngeal arches contain cartilage that is associated with the development of ______ bones and _______ cartilages.

A

Facial; laryngeal

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23
Q

Where are the cartilages derived from in the first and second pharyngeal arches? Cartilages of the 3rd-6th arches?

A

Neural Crest Cells. Mesoderm.

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24
Q

Meckel’s cartilage is formed in what pharyngeal arch?Reichert’s cartilage?

A

First. Second.

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25
Q

The hyoid bone is derived from what two pharyngeal arches?

A

Second and Third

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26
Q

The temporal bone is derived from what pharyngeal arch?

A

First

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27
Q

What role does cartilage play in the formation of bone?

A

Cartilage serves as a growth center that stimulates bone formation

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28
Q

The formation of the malleus and incus bones is stimulated by what cartilage? The stapes?

A

Meckel’s. Reichert’s.

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29
Q

The condensation of what kind of mesenchyme does the maxilla develop from?

A

Mesenchyme that contains NCCs

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30
Q

What kind of ossification is involved in the development of the maxilla?

A

Intramembranous

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31
Q

What is the mechanism of intramembranous ossification?

A

Bone progressively replaces embryonic connective tissue

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32
Q

Bone growth moves the maxilla ______ and forward.

A

downwards

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33
Q

Growth in the maxilla occurs from apposition at sutures between the maxilla and the _____ base. It also undergoes surface _______.

A

cranial; remodeling

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34
Q

Where does the mandible initially form relative to Meckels cartilage?

A

Lateral to it

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35
Q

In the formation of the mandible, what must the condensation of the mesenchyme contain?

A

Neural Crest Cells

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36
Q

During what week of embryonic development does the mandible form from a condensation of mesenchyme that contains NCCs lateral to Meckel’s cartilage?

A

Sixth

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37
Q

What happens to the mandible during the seventh week of embryonic development?

A

The mesenchyme undergoes intramembranous ossification.

38
Q

What is the initial site of ossification (osteogenesis) of the mandible?

A

Where the inferior alveolar (IA) nerve divides into the incisive and mental branches.

39
Q

How far anteriorly does the does bone formation of the mandible spread before birth?

A

All the way to the midline but remains separate until shortly after birth

40
Q

How far posteriorly does the mandibular bone grow from the initial site of ossification?

A

To the point of division of the mandibular nerve.

41
Q

What kind of ossification does the ramus and condyle of the mandible undergo?

A

Endochondral ossification

42
Q

The membranous bone of the developing mandible eventually grows completely around the _____ _____ nerve and forms what will become the mandibular _____.

A

inferior alveolar; canal

43
Q

From what point on the mandible does the ramus develop when it undergoes a rapid spread of ossification away from Meckel’s cartilage?

A

The point is marked by the lingula in an adult mandible

44
Q

During what week does the condylar cartilage develop?

A

12th week

45
Q

What shape is the condylar cartilage initially when it is inserted into the ramus of the mandible?

A

Cone-shaped

46
Q

What happens to most of the cone-shaped condylar cartilage after it integrates with the ramus of the madible?

A

Most of the cartilage is replaced by bone through endochondral ossification?

47
Q

In Treacher Collins Syndrome, the disruption of what cells is the cause of craniofacial defects?

A

NCCs

48
Q

T/F. The majority of births with Treacher Collins Syndrome arise from new mutations.

A

True

49
Q

Epibranchial placodes come from the surface of what germ layer?

A

Ectoderm

50
Q

What do epibranchial placodes contribute to the first four pharyngeal aches? Which four cranial nerves are associated with arches 1-4?

A

They contribute to the formation of sensory ganglia. Cranial nerves V, VII, IX, X

51
Q

The muscles of mastication are derived from which arch?What cranial nerve will innervate these muscles?

A

First. Trigeminal (V)

52
Q

The VII cranial nerve will supply muscles derived from the ______ arch. These muscles control _____ ______.

A

Second. Facial Expression

53
Q

The middle ear bones malleus and incus are derived from which arch? The stapes?

A

First. Second

54
Q

Cranial nerves IX and X will innervate muscles involved in what pharyngeal activity?

A

swallowing

55
Q

The lesser horn and superior part of the hyoid is derived from the _____ arch. The greater horn and inferior part of the hyoid is derived from the _____ arch.

A

second; third

56
Q

The strap muscles of the neck are derived from what two arches?

A

Arches 3 and 4

57
Q

What becomes of the four pharyngeal pouches?

A

Pouch 1: Tympanic cavity and Auditory tube
Pouch 2: Palatine tonsils and Tonsillar fossa
Pouch 3: Inferior Parathyroid gland and Thymus
Pouch 4: Superior Parathyroid gland, Ultimobrachial body, C-cells of thyroid gland

58
Q

Why is the the parathyroid gland produced in Pouch 3 inferior to the one produced in Pouch 4?

A

This gland from Pouch 3 migrates down more inferior than Pouch 4

59
Q

Where does the thyroid come from?

A

From the midsagittal invagination of the tongue (pharyngeal epithelium) at the foramen cecum.

60
Q

How does thyroid tissue make it from the foramen cecum of the tongue to the trachea below the larynx?

A

The thyroid tissue migrates via a temporary thyroglossal duct.

61
Q

What do parafollicular cells (C cells) produce? Where are they derived from?

A

Calcitonin. The Ultimobranchial bodies of Pouch 4.

62
Q

How are thyroglossal cysts formed?

A

They are formed when ectoderm tissue that migrates down to become the thyroid gland does not make it all the way down. Any remnants in the thyroglossal duct will become thyroglossal cysts.

63
Q

How are cervical cysts formed?

A

Form when the cervical sinus from Clefts 2, 3, and 4 does not become completely obliterated

64
Q

Thyroglossal cysts form at the midline, whereas cervical cysts form ______

A

(Bi-)laterally

65
Q

From how many prominences does the human face develop?

A

Five

66
Q

All the facial prominences are paired except one. Which one is unpaired?

A

Frontonasal

67
Q

What structures are formed from the frontonasal prominence?

A

Forehead, bridge of nose, medial and lateral nasal prominences (the later two become prominences of their own)

68
Q

What structures does the Maxillary prominence form?

A

Cheeks, lateral portion of upper lip

69
Q

What structures come from the medial nasal prominence? Lateral nasal prominence?

A

Philtrum of upper lip, crest and tip of nose. Alae of nose (or singular Ala)

70
Q

What structure arises from the mandibular prominence? l

A

Lower lip

71
Q

Why are maxillary defects more common than mandibular?

A

Maxillary prominences are further apart and therefore have more space to traverse before joining at the intermaxillary suture

72
Q

What do nasal placodes become?

A

They become nasal pits and eventually the nasal passageway

73
Q

What surrounds the nasal pits?

A

Elevated ridges that become medial and lateral nasal prominences

74
Q

Which of the nasal prominences forms part of the upper lip?

A

Medial

75
Q

As maxillary prominences grow towards the midline, what effect do they have on the medial nasal prominence?

A

The medial prominences are compressed towards the midline until they fuse together to form the tip of nose

76
Q

The upper lip is formed by which two facial prominences?

A

Medial nasal and maxillary prominences.

77
Q

T/F. The two maxillary prominences eventually fuse directly to one another.

A

False. The philtrum formed from the medial nasal prominence prevents the two from fusing directly.

78
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal groove develop?

A

Between the Maxillary prominence and lateral nasal prominence.

79
Q

The nasolacrimal duct develops from the ectoderm of the _________ groove

A

nasolacrimal

80
Q

The premaxilla (primary palate), part of maxilla that holds 4 upper incisors, and the philtrum are all formed by the fusion of what facial prominence

A

Medial nasal prominence

81
Q

The tongue is initially up and between what bilateral structures?

A

Palatine shelves from the maxillary prominence

82
Q

When the two palatine shelves fuse, what is this structure called?

A

Secondary palate.

83
Q

If the secondary palate is the greater part of the palate, what is the primary palate?

A

The primary palate is a smaller anterior part of the palate derived from the medial nasal prominence. It is also know as a premaxilla

84
Q

What sex is more likely to have a cleft lip? Cleft palate?

A

Male (4/5). Female (2/3)

85
Q

The tongue is derived from what three arches?

A

1st, 3rd, and 4th.

86
Q

The body of the tongue is derived from which arch? What are two specific structures from which the body is formed?

A

First. Lateral lingual swelling and the tuberculum impar

87
Q

The root of the tongue is developed from the copula of the _____ arch.

A

Third.

88
Q

Where does the epiglottis develop from? From which arch?

A

The epiglottal swelling of the 4th arch

89
Q

What would happen to a tongue in which the lateral lingual swellings and the tuberculum impar do not fuse together?

A

A bifid tongue would develop

90
Q

Ankyloglossia (tongue-tied) results from the lack of what programed cellular activity?

A

Apoptosis

Craniofacial Embryology (10 decks)

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