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Craniofacial Embryology > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelia can be defined by what two surfaces?

A
  1. An unattached free surface

2. Basal surface

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2
Q

What can the unattached free surface be exposed to?

A

The environment or internal body cavity

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3
Q

What is the basal surface of epithelia attached to?

A

The basement membrane

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4
Q

Epithelia has one or more layers of closely adhering cells that form a _____ sheet.

A

flat

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5
Q

By what two ways do epithelial cells get nutrients?

A
  1. Nutrients are diffused from capillaries in the underlying CT.
  2. A “moist” free surface
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6
Q

Why can a paper cut into the epithelia of a finger hurt but not bleed?

A

Epithelia is innervated but avascular (no blood supply)

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7
Q

What type of neurons innervate epithelia?

A

sensory

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8
Q

The basement membrane is a layer of _____ and ______ proteins that anchors epithelium to underlying _______ tissue.

A

Collagen; adhesive; connective

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9
Q

What kind of permeability does the basement membrane possess?

A

Semi-permiability

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10
Q

The basement membrane is composed of ______ lamina and ______ lamina.

A

Basal; reticular

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11
Q

What two sources supply the basal lamina with its complex mixture of proteins?

A

(Overlying) epithelial cells and (underlying) fibroblasts

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12
Q

What is the main cell of all connective tissues?

A

Fibroblast

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13
Q

Fibroblasts are skinny, non-descript cells that can be described metaphorically as the ______ of tissues, since they grow everywhere.

A

weeds

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14
Q

Fibronectin and proteoglycans are structural molecules produced by what connective tissues cell?

A

Fibroblast

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15
Q

What proteins do the basal epithelial cells contribute to the basal lamina?

A

Laminin, entactin, and type IV collagen

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16
Q

How does type IV collagen differ from most collagens?

A

Most collagens are fibrous, but type IV collagen is gelatinous.

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17
Q

The gelatinous nature of type IV collagen allows it to act as a ______ in the basal lamina.

A

selective barrier or filter

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18
Q

T/F. The reticular lamina is part of the basement membrane of all epithelial tissues

A

False. Only some epithelia have the reticular lamina.

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19
Q

What two fibers is the reticular lamina composed of?

A

Composed of long straight collagen fibers and branched reticular fibers

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20
Q

What is above and what is below the reticular lamina?

A

The basal lamina is above and the lamina propria is below.

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21
Q

What is the name of the light staining thin layer of the basal lamina? The dark staining layer?

A

Lamina lucida.

Lamina densa

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22
Q

The lamina lucida contains the extracellular portions of what transmembrane cell adhesion proteins?

A

Laminin, entactin, fibronectin

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23
Q

T/F. Laminin is a glycoprotein secreted by epithelial cells.

A

True

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24
Q

What transmembrane glycoprotein bridges the lamina lucida and lamina densa to the plasma membrane?

A

Laminin

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25
Q

What type of collagen is the lamina densa composed of?

A

Type IV collagen

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26
Q

The lamina densa is the structural attachment site for anchoring fibrils that extend to what fibers in the CT under the epithelium?

A

Reticular fibers

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27
Q

The basal lamina and the reticular lamina are joined together by type ____ and type ______ collagen fibrils that weave through loops of type _____ collagen anchoring fibrils.

A

I; III; VII

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28
Q

What is the difference between a fibril and a fiber?

A

A fibril is a fine fiber

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29
Q

What number collagen fibril is the strongest?

A

Type I collagen

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30
Q

Which number collagen fiber attaches both of its ends to the basal lamina and loops down into the reticular lamina around larger collagen fibers?

A

Type VII collagen

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31
Q

Hemidesmosomes connect the basal lamina to what cytoskeletal structures?

A

Tonofilaments

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32
Q

What are two functions of simple squamous epithelium?

A

It allows rapid diffusion of gases.

Can secrete serous fluid

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33
Q

Membranes covering body cavities and organs are made of what type of epithelium?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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34
Q

What are three functions of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

absorption, secretion and conduction

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35
Q

Mammary glands and salivary glands are what kind of epithelium?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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36
Q

T/F. Stratified cuboidal epithelium is rare.

A

True

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37
Q

The intestines and uterus are lined with what kind of epithelium?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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38
Q

The simple columnar epithelium of the uterus lining contains what mucous producing single-celled bodies?

A

Goblet cells

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39
Q

Which epithelium type has a mix of short basal cells and taller goblet cells?

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

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40
Q

What is the function of pseudostratified epithelium?

A

To secrete and propel respiratory mucus

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41
Q

What are three major components of mucous membranes?

A
  1. Mucous-producing epithelium
  2. Lamina propria
  3. Muscularis mucosae
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42
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

An underlying layer of vascular connective tissue

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43
Q

What is the muscularis mucosae found underlying the lamina propria?

A

A thin layer of smooth muscle

44
Q

What kind of passageways are lined with mucous membranes?

A

Passageways that open to the exterior: digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract, and reproductive tracts

45
Q

What is the benefit of mucous in the digestive tract?

A

It can lubricate passing food

46
Q

What does mucus do in the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts?

A

Traps foreign particles or pathogens

47
Q

What cells produce mucus in the epithelium?

A

Goblet cells

48
Q

What produces mucus in the lamina propria?

A

Multicellular glands

49
Q

Why is the upper respiratory tract and the fallopian tube ciliated?

A

To sweep mucus out of the body

50
Q

What is stratified epithelia named for?

A

The shape of the surface cells

51
Q

The source of replacement cells for epithelium comes from the deepest that sit on what membrane?

A

Basement

52
Q

Keratinized epithelium has a surface layer of _____ cells that contain abundant ______ protein.

A

Dead; keratin

53
Q

Dead cells of epithelia usually lack a _______ and are coated with ______ that reduce water loss.

A

nucleus; lipids

54
Q

Para- and Ortho-keratinized Epithelia have ________ characteristics of keratinization.

A

intermediate

55
Q

What kind of epithelium forms an abrasion-resistant, moist, slippery layer?

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

56
Q

Where is nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium found?

A

Oral mucosa, esophagus, vagina

57
Q

In keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, the keratinized layer retards _____ loss and is a barrier to ______ and ______.

A

water; irritants; pathogens

58
Q

What kind of stratification does transitional epithelium have?

A

It is pseudostratified

59
Q

A key characteristic of transitional epithelium is that its surface cells are covered with what?

A

protein plaques

60
Q

What is the purpose of the protein plaques on top of transitional epithelia?

A

To protect the tissues from over-stretching.

61
Q

What shape do the plaques of transitional epithelium take when the bladder is filled with urine?

A

The plaques become dome shaped. Otherwise they’re flat

62
Q

T/F. All cells, except blood cells, are anchored to other cells or to the matrix surrounding them by intercellular junctions.

A

True

63
Q

Which junction seals together neighboring cells in an epithelial sheet to prevent leakage between cells?

A

The tight junction

64
Q

What do adhesive junctions bind to on the inside of a cell?

A

Actin bundles in one cell to actin bundles in an adjacent cell

65
Q

Desmosomes bind to _______ filaments in one cell to those in an adjoining cell.

A

intermediate filaments

66
Q

Which cell junction allows passage of small, water-soluble molecules from one cell into another?

A

Gap junctions

67
Q

Desmosomes and hemidesmosomes both bind to what cytoskeletal structures?

A

Intermediate filaments

68
Q

Unlike desmosomes, hemidesmosomes only bind one end to intermediate filaments and the other to the _______ ________.

A

Basal lamina

69
Q

A desmosome is also called a macula adherens. What does the term “macula” describe about this kind of cell junctions?

A

Macula describes junctions that are in specific spots, like spot welds, rivets, or patches.

70
Q

The tight junction is also known as zonula occludens and the adhesive junction the zonula adherens. What does the term “zonula” describe about these kinds of cell junctions?

A

Zonula describes junctions that completely encircle a cell, like sweat bands around a person’s head.

71
Q

T/F The apical end of cell junctions is found close to the free surface of cells.

A

True

72
Q

Tight junctions completely encircle a cell at which side of the cell? (apical or basolateral)

A

apical

73
Q

Which cell junctions create a quilted pattern?

A

Tight junctions

74
Q

Tight junctions are composed of which transmembrane adhesive proteins?

A

Claudin, occludin, and other cell junctional adhesion molecules (JAM)

75
Q

T/F Adhesive proteins such as claudin, occludin, and JAMs will bind to the same protein in an adjacent cell.

A

True

76
Q

Which cell junction is principally composed of the calcium ion dependent cadherin transmembrane proteins

A

Adhesive junction

77
Q

What would happen to an adhesive junction if it is treated with EDTA?

A

It would lose its cell to cell connection since EDTA would chelate the Ca++ needed for the a junction to stay interconnected

78
Q

Which cell junction hold cells together against mechanical stresses like shearing forces and weight lifting?

A

Demosomes

79
Q

Attachment plaques of desmosomes are linked to intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton, like keratin, and to integral membrane proteins like ________

A

Cadherin

80
Q

How do desmosomes help to distribute shearing forces from one cell to another?

A

By linking the cytoskelelton of one cell to another

81
Q

T/F Hemidesmosomes link intermediate filaments of a cell to collagen fibers in the basement membrane and not any deeper.

A

False. Laminin further links the basal lamina to underlying connective tissue.

82
Q

Where are some of the places that gap junctions are abundant in?

A

Embryos, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

83
Q

What do gap junctions conduct from one cell to another?

A

small solutes and electrical signals

84
Q

A connexon is made of how many connexin transmembrane protein monomers?

A

Six

85
Q

T/F Gap junctions are made of a single connexon channel.

A

False. They are made of clusters of connexons

86
Q

What tissue are glands predominantly composed of?

A

epithelial

87
Q

Which type of gland secretes its products through a duct? Which type directly into blood or intercellular tissue?

A

Exocrine is via a duc

Endocrine directly into blood

88
Q

Which three organs are both exocrine and endocrine?

A

Pancreas, liver, and gonads

89
Q

What are the two types of exocrine glands called?

A

Simple and compound

90
Q

What do compound exocrine glands have that simple exocrine glands do not?

A

Branched ducts

91
Q

What are the three shapes of ducts?

A

Tubular
Acinar
Tubuloacinar

92
Q

What is an acinus?

A

A dilated sac of secretory cells

93
Q

What are secretory cells found in a duct called?

A

tubular

94
Q

Tubuloacinar glands have secretory cells in both _____ and _______ regions

A

ductal and acinar

95
Q

What kind of secretions do serous glands produce?

A

Thin, watery secretions

96
Q

What are some examples of serous secretions?

A

sweat, milk, tear, and digestive juices

97
Q

What do mucous glands produce?

A

The produce mucus

98
Q

What is mucus made of?

A

Mucin, a glycoprotein that aborbs water to form a sticky secretion

99
Q

Whole cells are released by what type of glands?

A

Cytogenic glands (testis release sperm, ovaries release ova)

100
Q

What are the two basic mechanisms of glandular secretions?

A

Merocrine and holocrine

101
Q

Which secretion mechanism is most common?

A

Merocrine

102
Q

In merocrine secretion how do secretory granules get past the secreting cell’s membrane?

A

Via exocytosis - fuse with the inside of the secretory cell’s membrane and then open on the outside of the cell

103
Q

Is there any loss of cytoplasm with merocrine secretion?

A

No

104
Q

Which secretion type sacrifices the whole cell in order to secrete it’s contents?

A

Holocrine

105
Q

Are sebacious glands holocrine or merocrine?

A

holocrine

106
Q

Is sweat released by holocrine or merocrine secretion mechanisms?

A

Merocrine

Craniofacial Embryology (10 decks)

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