Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Physiological adaptations to training are largely dependent on…

A

The “training impulse” (i.e. training volume or overload)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

External training load =

A

Physical output: distance covered, intensity, reps (mechanical work)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Internal training load =

A

Physiological effect that occurs: HR, biochemical/hormonal response, muscle damage markers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Endurance training

A

Repeated sessions of continuous, dynamic exercise performed against a moderate workload (60-80% vo2max) for an extended period of time (10min-hours)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Strength training:

A

Repeated sessions of very brief, intermittent ex performed against a heavy resistance that is usually characterised as a relatively high % of the workload that can be lifted in a single, maximal effort (1RM). A single effort lasts up to several seconds and is repeated several times with minimal rest within a set, and several sets performed with a few minutes rest between sets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sprint training:

A

Repeated sessions of relatively brief, intermittent dynamic ex often performed with all out effort or at intensity which elicits maximal or supramaximal aerobic power (>90%vo2max). last from few seconds to several mins, repeated several time w/ few mins rest/low intensity ex in b/w efforts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Can you run faster than your vo2max?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Scientific context

A

Simple interventions employed in lab studies
Removed from complex, periodised strategies norm for competitive athletes
Likelihood of establishing cause and effect (simple design)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Coaching context

A

Complex training interventions formulated to elicit greatest improvement in performance.
This is regardless of the precise mechanism(s) involved, which can include variables that are not readily explained by physiological changes (mood, motivation).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

*The capacity to do work ultimately depends on…

A

The rate and efficiency at which chemical energy can be converted into mechanical energy for skeletal muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What factors contribute to successful performance?

A

Ability to do work or generate power = major determinant of performance in many sports
Effective program design and monitoring requires ability to measure power and use data in performance analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bioenergentics =

A

Flow of energy within a living system
-extract energy from macronutrients and transfer energy at the rate required to the contractile elements of skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Irrespective of the rate or type of biological work performed…

A

All forms of biological work require power generated from transfer of chemical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The choice of energy system used is influenced by:

A

1 supply velocity/demand
2 availability
3 oxygen supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ATP and PCr during sprinting

A

Reduction/decreased regeneration of PCr, not ATP, is limiting factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ATP-PCr summary:

A
Oxygen – no
PCr to Cr
ATP formed/s – 10
APT formed/molecule of substrate 1
Available capacity - <15s
17
Q

Glycolysis summary:

A
Oxygen – no
Glucose of glycogen to lactate
ATP formed/s – 5
APT formed/molecule of substrate 2-3
Available capacity - ~1min
18
Q

Oxidative CHO summary

A
Oxygen – yes
Glucose of glycogen to CO2 and H20
ATP formed/s – 2.5
APT formed/molecule of substrate 36-39
Available capacity - ~90min
19
Q

Oxidative lipid summary:

A
Oxygen – yes
FFA to CO2 and H2O
ATP formed/s – 1.5
APT formed/molecule of substrate >100
Available capacity – days
20
Q

Training can improve ex capacity through:

A
  • altering rates of energy provision from both non-oxidative and oxidative sources
  • maintaining tighter metabolic control through a closer matching b/w rates of ATP hydrolysis and synthesis
  • improving fatigue resistance
  • increasing economy of motion
21
Q

Increase in oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle via:

A

1 morpholigical changes i.e. increased mitochrondrial volume density
2 biochemical changes: i.e. increase in total protein content
3 biochemical changes: i.e. increase in maximal activity of various mitochondrial enzymes

22
Q

Mitochrondrial volume density:

A

Increases relatively quickly by endur training in the 3 muscle fibre types in mixed muscle, provided the intensity is sufficient to recruit all motor units

23
Q

Mitochrondria:

A

Located around periphery of myofibers ten to be greater in extent after training as compared to those located closer to the centre of the fiber.

24
Q

Improved respiratory control sensitivity =

A

Increased mitochrondrial content reduces the rate of o2 and substrate flux per indv mitochondrion – thus a lower [free ATP] is needed to activate cellular respiration to achieve a given rate of ATP formation

25
Increased mitochrondrial content:
Reduced rate of CHO utilization & increase capacity for LIPox at given submaximal intensity
26
Classical exercise physiology findings:
Capillarisation Muscle enzyme activities Fibre phenotypes and size
27
Endurance training adaptation =
Fatigue resistant
28
Resistance training adaptation =
Increased muscle strength and size
29
Aerobic system changes with training – ventilation-aeroation
``` Minute ventilation Ventilation:perfusion ration O2 diffusion capacity Hb-o2 affinity Arterial o2 saturation ```
30
Aerobic system changes w/ training – active muscle metabolism
``` Enzymes and oxidative potential Energy stores and substrate availability Myoglobin concentration Mitochondria size & # Active muscle mass Muscle fiber type ```
31
Aerobic system changes w/ training – central blood flow
Q (HR, SV) Arterial BP O2 transport capacity [Hb]
32
Aerobic system changes w/ training – peripheral blood flow
``` Flow to nonactive regions Arterial vascular reactivity Muscle blood flow Muscle capillary density O2 diffusion Muscle vascular conductance O2 extraction Hb-o2 affinity Venous compliance and reactivity ```
33
Heart dimensions and training
``` Aerobic = bigger ventricular chamber – proportional increase in wall thickness RT = unchanged chamber volume – thicker ventricular wall ```
34
HR response in relation to vo2
Increases parasympathetic activity & small decrease in sympathetic discharge
35
SV increased during rest and ex w/ training because of
1 increase in internal left ventricular vol (due to plasma vol expansion & mass) 2 reduced cardiac stiffness 3 increased diastolid filling time (due to Bradycardia) 4 improved cardiac contractile function
36
Anaerobic adaptations to training:
Increase quantity and activity of key enzymes that control the anaerobic phase of glucose metabolism Increase capacity to generate high levels of blood lactate during all-out ex 1 increased levels of glycogen & glycolytic enzymes 2 improved motivation and “pain” tolerance to fatiguing ex