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Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Justify financial support for PA promotion/ExRx

A

Link w decreased fitness/ex w increased disease/mortality, ageing population, reduce burden on medical system

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2
Q

Why prescribe ex?

A

Athletic performance, prevention & treatment of chronic disease, well-being, social interaction, enjoyment

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3
Q

Why prescribe ex – evidence

A

Epidemiological studies link decrease PA and/or fitness with increase rates of all-cause mortality.
PA is a modifiable risk factor of chronic disease e.g. obesity, diabetes, CVD, cancer

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4
Q

Physical activity:

A

Any bodily mvmt produced by contraction of skeletal muscle that substantially increases energy expenditure

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5
Q

Difference between PA and ex =

A

intensity

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6
Q

Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA):

A

Activities completed during free time, based on personal interests and needs. Includes formal ex programs, hiking, gardening, and sport. Result in marked energy expenditure and may vary in duration.

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7
Q

Dose-response:

A

R/ship b/w increasing PA levels on changes in a defined health parameter

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8
Q

Exercise:

A

Subcategory of LTPA in which planned, structure, repetitive bodily mvmts are performed to improve/maintain 1 or more components of physical fitness
Aerobic, anaerobic, resistance ex

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9
Q

Physical fitness:

A

Multidimensional concept. Set of attributes that relate to the ability to perform PA.

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10
Q

Physical fitness components =

A

Skill, health, physiological

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11
Q

Skill-related physical fitness components =

A

Associated mostly with sport and motor skills performance

Agility, balance, coordination, speed, power, reaction time

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12
Q

Health-related physical fitness components =

A

Associated w/ ability to perform daily activities w/ vigor; & w/ a low risk of premature dev of hypokinetic diseases
Cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength & endurance, flexibility, body comp, anaerobic power & capacity.

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13
Q

Physiological physical fitness component =

A

Non performance components that relate to biological systems influenced by habitual activity.
Metabolic fitness, morphologic fitness, bone integrity

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14
Q

Cardiorespiratory endurance:

A

Ability of circulatory & respiratory system to supply oxygen during sustained PA

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15
Q

body composition:

A

Relative amounts of muscle, fat, bone, & other vital parts of the body

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16
Q

muscular strength:

A

Ability of muscle to exert force

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17
Q

Muscular endurance:

A

Ability of muscle to continue to perform w/out fatigue

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18
Q

flexibility:

A

Range of motion available at a joint

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19
Q

Agility:

A

Ability to change position of body in space with speed & accuracy

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20
Q

Coordination:

A

ability to use the senses, e.g. sight & hearing, together w/ body parts in performing tasks smoothly & accurately

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21
Q

Balance:

A

Maintenance of equilibrium while stationary or moving

22
Q

Power:

A

Time elapsed b/w stimulation & the beginning of the reaction to it

23
Q

Reaction time:

A

Time elapsed b/w stimulation & the beginning of the reaction to it

24
Q

Speed:

A

Ability to perform a mvmt within a short period of time

25
Epidemiology:
Study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease), & the application of this study to the control of diseases & other health problems
26
Health-related states or events:
The concept of health is viewed on a continuum; for example, consider both life quality & disease state.
27
Health-related outcomes:
May refer to both disease and other health-specific conditions as an absolute (disease absent or disease present) or graded (normal weight, overweight or obese).
28
Epidemiology can identify:
Risk factors, but not causality
29
Prevalence:
Number of people w/ health-related outcome at a specific time Helpful in assessing need for health care or preventative strategies
30
Incidence:
Number of new occurrences of health-related outcome that develop during a specific time interval
31
Observational study design:
Descriptive studies – case reports/studies – Individuals Analytical studies – Correlational – populations Cross-sectional surveys – individuals Case-control studies – individuals Cohort studies – individuals
32
Experimental study design:
Randomized, controlled trials – individuals
33
Case-control study:
Comparison of disease present (case) & disease absent (control) populations seeking associations of exposure to the factors of interest
34
Cohort study:
Longitudinal observation of a population to assess the effect of a specific exposure or intervention
35
Randomized, controlled trial:
*Participants are randomly assigned to one or multiple conditional trails to quantitatively assess the effects of a specific intervention
36
Case study:
*Description of a single or group of individuals w/ a similar diagnosis. (large variance)
37
Correlational study:
Population characteristics analysed to describe the frequency and r/ship of a health-related outcome & a specific variable.
38
Cross-sectional survey:
Describes the prevalence of a health-related outcome within a sample in relation to personal or demographic characteristics.
39
Inverse dose-response r/ship between PA and:
All-cause mortality, cardiorespiratory health, metabolic health, weight loss, weight maintenance following weight loss, abdominal obesity, bone, joint & muscular health, functional health, colon and breast cancers, depression & distress.
40
Study: changes in PA and mortality – 4 key outcomes:
- Beginning moderately vigorous sports activity (>/ 4.5 METs) reduced mortality by 23% - *Quitting smoking reduced mortality by 41%, however, mortality rates remained 23% higher than constant non-smoking - Recently diagnosed hypertension is at a lower risk of death than chronic hypertension. - Maintenance of lean body mass was associated with lower mortality than long-term, recent or previous obesity
41
Lean men had…
Double the risk of all-cause mortality of fit, lean men *
42
Unfit men…
Had a higher risk of all-cause and CVD mortality than did fit men in all fat and fat-free mass categories
43
Unfit, lean mean had…
Higher risk of all-cause & CVD mortality than did men who were fit and obese
44
Unfit men with…
Low waist girths (<87cm*) had greater risk of all-cause mortality than did fit men with high waist girths (99cm*)
45
What is the optimum amount of ex for longevity?
4200kJ/wk presents a 20-30% reduction in all-cause mortality | Vigorous activity associated with longevity
46
How much longer can active people expect to live?*
2 years (Peffenbarger et al.1986)
47
Dose-response relative risk CVD – PA & PF:
Both factors decrease relative risk PF is sig more of a protective factor than PA Intensity may be a link to explain the diff b/w them
48
Surgeon general’s report on PA and Health 1996
“Sig health benefits can be obtained by including a mode amount of PA on most, if not all, days of the wk. through a modest increase in daily activity, most Americans can improve their health and quality of life.”
49
Does ex improve all health and fitness parameters to the same degree?
no
50
Does-response to exercise:
Some activity is better than none, and more activity – up to a certain point – is better than less. Optimal dose of PA has yet to be defined
51
Ex volume and total energy expenditure
Mode administered has implications for outcome achieved
52
PA/fitness & all-cause mortality r/ship =
Inverse r/ship | Physical capacity appears to be a protective agent

exercise prescription (12 decks)

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