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Cardio > Lecture #6-2 > Flashcards

Lecture #6-2 Flashcards

1
Q

Relationship of resistance to radius?
to length?
to viscosity?

A

Res = 1/(r^4)
Proportional
Proportional

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2
Q

Increasing a vessel diameter by factor of four will alter resistance how?

A

1/256

If same pressure, flow increased by 256X

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3
Q

Why do arterioles have lower pressure?

A

Mnay small individual diameters add up to high resistance

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4
Q

Fluid resistances combine that same way as….

A

Electrical resistances

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5
Q

Eq. for velocity of fluid in a tube?

A

Flow rate/Area

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6
Q

Part of circulation with largest cross-sectional area?

A

Capillaries

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7
Q

Part of circulation with smallest cross-sectional area?

A

Aorta

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8
Q

What does viscosity measure?

A

Friction between layers as they slide past eachother at different velocities.

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9
Q

What is the unit of velocity?

A

Poise

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10
Q

What is relative viscosity?

Average Blood relative viscosity?

A

= Viscosity of Fluid / Viscosity of Water

= 3-4

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11
Q

Due to anomalous viscosity…

When might this matteR?

A

Blood viscosity increases if flow becomes slow

Shock

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12
Q

What is the Fahraeus-Lindquist effect?

A

Viscosity diminishes in smaller tubes

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13
Q

What is plasma skimming?

A

Vessels filling selectively from plasma layer

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14
Q

Reynold’s Number equation?

A

[(velocity)(diameter)(fluid density)]/viscosity

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15
Q

How should Reynold’s Number results be interpreted?

A

Turbulence tends to develop with a Reynold’s number over 2000

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16
Q

There is a ______ relationship between F and change in Pressure (in turbulent flow)

A

Linear

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17
Q

Name for the pressure at which the blood flow stops?

A

Critical Closing Pressure

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18
Q

Sypathetic stimulation _____ the critical closing pressure

A

Increases

in other words – at a higher pressure, blood flow stops

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19
Q

What is distensibility?

A

Percentage increase in vol caused by 1 mmHg pressure rise

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20
Q

What is the distensibility equ?

A

Dis = change in V / (change in P)(Vo)

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21
Q

What does compliance measure?

A

Increase in volume for a given increase in pressure.

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22
Q

Equation for compliance?

A

change in V / Change in P
OR
(distensibility)(Vo)

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23
Q

Give an example of delayed compliance/stress relaxation.

A

Initial Increase in volume –> distention+pressure rise
Smooth muscle fibers creep to longer lengths
Decreased pressure

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24
Q

What is reverse stress relaxation?

A

Volume of blood removed
Pressure Drop
Elastic Recoil returns pressure/Reduction in SmoMu. length

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25
Q

Veins are _____ compliant than arteries.

A

More

26
Q

Two mechanisms of venous compensation during blood loss?

A

Elastic Recoil

Vasoconstriction via sympathetic stim

27
Q

Increases in Central Venous pressure will also increase….

A

CO

according to Starling Law

28
Q

Factors that may cause increased central venous pressure?

A

Increased Blood Volume
Vasoconstriction
Pumping of skeletal muscles
respiratory activity

29
Q

Why are patients tilted down in brain surgery?

A

To keep air out of the saggital sinus

30
Q

Wall tension equation?

A

Tension = Pr

31
Q

Most important means of reducing pressure at the feet?

A

Venous Pump via skeletal muscle

32
Q

Systole occurs between which two venous waves?

A

A and C

33
Q

When is an a-wave absent? elevated?

A

Atrial Fib

Tricuspid Stenosis

34
Q

What causes cannon a-waves?

A

atrial contraction against closed tricuspid

35
Q

What does a large and early V-wave mean?

A

Tricuspid insufficiency

36
Q

What does a slowed Y descent imply?

A

Narrowed AV

37
Q

Venous Pressure curve change for mitral stenosis.

A

Elevated LAP

Slowed Y Descent in LAP curve

38
Q

What is Kussmaul’s Sign?

A

JVP rises on inspiration

Caused by pericarditis, cardiomyopathy, and tamponade

39
Q

Four types of capillary endothelium?

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Discontinuous
Tight-Jxn

40
Q

Where is continuous endothelium? Whats it for?

A

Skin, Muscle, Lungs

Clefts for transport of water and solutes

41
Q

Where is fenestrated endothelium? Whats it for?

A

GI, Glands, Glomerulus

Heightened permeabitities

42
Q

What is discontinuous endothelium?

A

Gaps of 1 micromaeter or more
Proteins pass through freely
Liver, Spleen, Marrow

43
Q

What is tight junction endothelium?

A

Retina and CNS – Makes BBB

44
Q

Vessel type with main control of peripheral resistance?

A

Arterioles

45
Q

AV anastomoses play an important role in…

A

heat Exchange

46
Q

T or F. Blood continuously flows through the capillaries.

A

F. It flows intermittently due to vasomotion.

47
Q

What is vasomotion.

A

Intermitten contraction/relaxation of terminal arterioles and precap. sphincters.

48
Q

Three ways through endothelial cell walls

A

Diffusion
Pinocytosis
Ultrafiltration

49
Q

Who moves through endothelium by diffusion?

A

CO2, O

50
Q

Who moves via pinocytosis?

A

Large, lipid-insoluble molecules

51
Q

What two types of pressure play the biggest roles in ultrafiltration?

A

Colloid Osmotic and Hydrostatic

52
Q

Name for forces involved in ultrafiltration.

A

Starling Forces

53
Q

Why do we not usually care about the reflection coefficient?

A

Tells about degree of protein leakiness

Unless special pathology, its just 1

54
Q

Difference between active and passive pumping of lymphatics?

A

Passive – External compression of lymphatics by muscles, arteries, or movement

Active – Smooth muscle contractions in the lymphatic vessels. Occurs when walls are distended.

55
Q

What is edema?

A

Swelling of tissues caused by abnormal excess of fluids

56
Q

Causes of edema?

A

Venous Pressure Increase
Lowered Plasma Oncotic Pressure
Raised Interstitial Oncotic Pressure
Blockage of Lymphatics

57
Q

Causes of high venous pressure?

A

Heart Failure
Fluid Retention
Outflox Obs.
Immobilization

58
Q

Four causes of Pulmonary Edema?

A

Imbalance of Starling Forces
Damage to Alveolar-Capillary Barrier
Lymphatic Obstruction
Idiopathic

59
Q

What is cardiogenic pulmonary edema?

A

High Pulmonary Venous Pressure
Reduced Lymph Flow from lungs
Edema from increased transcapillary filtration and inadequate lymphatic drainage.

60
Q

What is permeability pulmonary edema?

A

Endothelial cell injury causes leakage of fluid/protein ito interstitial space, causing osmotic changes.

Cardio (10 decks)

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