Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardio > Lecture #5 > Flashcards

Lecture #5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the R-R interval?

P-P interval?

A

Ventricular Rate

Atrial Rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When might you see variance between atrial and ventricular rate?

A

AV block

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why does asking rhythm mean?

A

Are the intervals between the waves the same?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does PR Interval reflect?

A

Time of conduction through the AV Node, bundle of His, and bundle branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does a PR interval at 0.1 indicate?

A

Absolutely nothing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does a PR interval at 0.25 indicate?

A

First degree AV block

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When might you see a short PR interval?

A

WPW and LGL syndromes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the width of QRS indicate?

What might a broadened ORS indicate?

A

Time it takes the ventricle to depolarize

WPW Syndrome and Bundle Branch Block

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the QT interval reflect?

What might a longer QT indicate?

A

Time it takes the ventricle to repolarize

LQTS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is indicated by downward Ps or ones without QRS?

A

2nd/3rd degree AV blocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What might cause an inverted T wave?

A

Previous MI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What might cause changes in S-T segment?

A

Elevated or depressed in MI or ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What might U waves indicate?

What else would you expect?

A

Hypokalemic Patient
Depressed S-T
Low amp. T waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Four characteristics of normal sinus rhythm.

A

QRS after P
PR interval of .12-.2 (3-5 small squares)
RR is regular (0.6-1 second)
Beats all look like eachother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Five types of sinus node dysrhythmias.

A 
Sinus tachycardia
Sinus bradycardia
Sinus arrhythmia
Sinus Arrest
Wandering Pacemaker
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Four types of atrial dysrhythmia

A

Premature atrial contraction
Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia
Atrial Flutter
Atrial fibrillation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Four types of ventricular dysrhythmia

A

Premature ventricular contraction
paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia
torsade de pointes
ventricular fibrillation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define sinus tachycardia. Causes?

A

More than 100 beats/minute

Catecholeamines, Sympathetic Stim, Stress, Hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define sinus bradycardia. Causes?

A

Less than 60 bpm (RR over 1 second)

Distance runners, sleep, PS stim,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define sinus arrythmia. Cause?

A

Normal variation of sinus rhythm.
Vagal tone effect associated with breathing rates
Mostly in children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define sinus arrest. Cause?

A

Failure of pacemaker cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define wandering pacemaker. Cause?

A

Varying rhythm in which P waves may vary in direction, PR interval can vary.

Inflamed/Irritated Atria or Digitalis Toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define premature atrial contraction (PAC). Cause?

A

Atrial ectopic focus. Different P wave morphology.

Alcohol, Smoking, Caffeine, Gastric Overload
CHF, Ischemia, COPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. Cause?

A

140-220 bpm.

Ectopic Focus in Atria/AV Node or Re-entry/WPW
Caffeine, Nicotine, Alcohol, Anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define atrial flutter. Cause?

A

Atrial Rate = 250-250 bpm
Typically fixed ratio w/ ventricular

Macro-Reentry – movement around openings of VC or Tricuspid
Prevalent in enlarged atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In atrial flutter, what is seen instead of P wave?

A

Saw-tooth pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is atrial fibrillation. Cause?

A 
Rapid depolarization (only in A), no discernable P
IRREGULARLY IRREGULAR

Inc. Atrial size, decreased conduction velocity, decreased refractory period
– MICROREENTRY LOOPS

28
Q

What do you see in AV nodal rhythm?

A

SA has failed. AV takes over.

Inverted P Wave preceding QRS

29
Q

How to distinguish Atrial Fib and Junctional Rhythm if no Ps around?

A

Junctional – Regular

Fib – Irregularly Irregular

30
Q

What are cannon A-Waves

A

When atria contract during/after onset of ventricular contraction

Caused by RA contracting against closed Tri. Valve

31
Q

What do you see with idioventricular rhythm?

A

Wide QRS, Always same shape

20-40 bpm

32
Q

Define premature ventricular contraction. Cause?

A

Wide QRS, No P

Ectopic Foci in ventricles

33
Q

What may premature ventricular contraction lead to?

A

Ventricular Tachycardia

34
Q

What is an “R on T” Event. Why do we care?

A

Premature ventricular contraction during T Wave

Depolarizing pulse may take a cirtuitous route around refractory regions, causing reentry rhythm

Causes Tachycardia or Fibrillation

35
Q

What is paroxysomal ventricular tachycardia? Cause?

A

Sudden, Rapid ventricular beat

Often caused by PVC creating reentry

36
Q

Define torsade de pointes. Cause?

A

Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia

Hypokalemia and LQTS

37
Q

Define ventricular fibrillation. Cause?

A

Ventricles quiver several hundred times/minute
CO drops to zero
“Electrical Storm”

Micro-reentry circuits

38
Q

How does a defibrillator work?

A

Depolarizes all parts of ventricular myocardium simultaneously, 3-5 seconds later heartbeat restarts

39
Q

What is asystole?

A

Ventricular Standstill

40
Q

Define commotio cordis.

A

Vfib + blow to chest = Death

41
Q

What part of the waves do you need to watch for in commotio cordis?

A

Just before T Wave

42
Q

What do tall P waves in II, III, and aVF mean?

A

R Atrial Hypertrophy

43
Q

What do two-peaked P waves in I mean?

A

L atrial hypertrophy

44
Q

Five causes of R Ventricular Hypertrophy?

A 
Valve Stenosis
Tricuspid Insufficiency
Pulm. Hypertension
Septal defect
Fallot
45
Q

How do you diagnose Left Ventricular Hypertrophy?

A

Echocardiography

46
Q

Difference in observations of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree AV block

A

1 – Slowing
2 — Some Dropped
3 – Atrial and Ventricular contraction are unrelated

47
Q

Mobitz I, II, and 2:1 II.

A

M1 – PR increases till beat drops
M2 – PR normal, QRS sometimes dropped
2:1M2 – 2 Ps per QRS

48
Q

Causes of AV block?

A

Ischemia, Compression, Inflammation, diptheria/rheumatic fever, Vagus

49
Q

Why is Mobitz type II dangerous?

A

It can progress to complete heart block

50
Q

Describe L Bundle branch block.

A

Heart Disease

Wide Rs in I, aVL, or V6
Deep Ss in V1-4

51
Q

Describe R Bundle branch Block

A

Wide S in I,

R’>R, but switches as you go from V1-V6

52
Q

What is LQTS?

A

Slowed repolarization of cardiac muscle
Leads to Early Afterdepolarizations

Slowed Repolarization allows Ca Channels to reactivate, causing serious tachycardia/fibrillation via torsade de pointes

53
Q

What is hERG?

A

A gene forming a major portion of I-Kr ion channels

Mutations delay repolarization, cause LQTS

54
Q

How can LQTS be acquired?

A

Anti-arrhythmics, anti-psycholics, antibiotics

Alcoholism, Pericarditis, LV hypertrophy, cocaine

55
Q

Coronary Artery Disease is the result of….

A

Atherosclerosis (development of arterial lesions that can lead to narrowing of lumen)

56
Q

Heart pain that goes away when exertion is over?

A

Stable Angina

57
Q

Cause of Acute Coronary syndrome

A

Disruption of previously non-severe lesion.

Stenosis/Blockage of vessel + myocardial ischemia

58
Q

What are STEMI and NSTEMI?

A

STEMI – ACS – ST-Elevated myocardial infarction

NSTEMI – ACS – Non-ST Elevated myocardial infarction

59
Q

What damage is typically seen in STEMI? NSTEMI?

A

STEMI – Full Thickness Damage, Prolonged Anginal Pain

NSTEMI – Stenosis, Sub-endocardial ischemia, Unstable Angina

60
Q

What is Prinzmetal’s variant angina?

A

Transient coronary vasospasm triggered by atherosclerotic plaque

Ischemia only with anginal pain

61
Q

Leads associated with Lateral heart (Left Circumflex and LAD arteries)

A

I, aVL, v5, V6

62
Q

Leads associated with Inf/Right Coronary?

A

II, III, aVF

63
Q

Waves seen within 5 minutes, within 20 minutes, and within an hour of MI

A

within 5 – Hyperacute T from hyperkalemia
within 20 – ST Elevation
Within 1 hour – QRS elevation

64
Q

Nickname for ST elevations seen in MIs

A

Tombstones

65
Q

What wave difference is often seen long term following MI?

A

Permanent pathologic Q-wave

Cardio (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions