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Cardio > Lecture #1 > Flashcards

Lecture #1 Flashcards

1
Q

The Pulmonary Circuit has _____ pressure and _____ resistance. The Systemic Circuit has ______ pressure and _____ resistance.

A

Low, Low

High, High

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2
Q

Role of cardiovascular system? (7)

A 
Gaseous Exchange
Waste Removal
Delivery of Nutrients
Delivery of Hormones
Defense
Thermal Exchange
Tissue Hydration
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3
Q

What is cardiac output? Three variables it depends on?

A

Volume of Blood Pumped Per Minute

HR, Force of Contraction, and SV

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4
Q

What does non-sucking pump mean

A

Outflow is intermittent and inflow is continuous

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5
Q

Systemic Vascular Resistance =

A

Total Peripheral Resistance

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6
Q

Four important variables in CV function?? Part of CV that controls them?

A

Heart/CO
Arterioles/Resistance
Veins, Venules/Capacity
Veins, Venules/Blood Volume

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7
Q

BV layers from outside to inside.

A

Adventitia (Connective Tissue)
Media (Smooth Muscle)
Intima (Vascular Endothelium)

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8
Q

Which BV layers are absent in capillaries?

A

Caps lack media and adventitia.

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9
Q

Three things synthesized by Intima?

A

Prostacyclin – Vasodilator, inhibitor of platelet aggregation
NO – same + inhibits leukocyte adhesion
Endothelin – Vasoconstrictor

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10
Q

Cells the usually surround capillaries?

A

Pericytes

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11
Q

What do pericytes do anyway?

A

Regulate tight and adherens junctions
Regulate vascular stability and angio
Contractile
Phagocytic

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12
Q

Two vessel types that lack media.

A

Capillaries

Non-muscular Venules

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13
Q

What could cause media contraction?

A

Sympathetic stim of alpha 1 adrenergic

Vasoconstrictors (VP, ATII, Endothelin, adrenaline)

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14
Q

Loss of vessel tone will cause what changes to capacitance and resistance?

A

Vasodilation
More Capacitance
Lower Systemic Resistance

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15
Q

Main controllers of vasodilation?

A

Metabolically generated substances (H+, CO2, Adenosine)

Vasodilators (Prostacyclin, NO)

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16
Q

Who hangs out in the adventitia?

A

Fibroblasts
Immune Cells
Stem Cells
Adrenergic Nerve Endings

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17
Q

What are vasa vasorum?

A

Small BV for big BV (like aorta)

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18
Q

Three major by-passes of the fetal circulation.

A

Ductus Venosus
Foramen Ovale
Ductus Arteriosis

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19
Q

How is fetal liver blood flow controlled?

A

Fetal ductus venosus contraction

20
Q

Describe the route of blood through a fetus

A

Placenta, Ductus Venosus, Inf. VC, RA, Foramen Ovale, LA, LV, Aorta, Umbilical arteries to placenta for oxygenation, or lower half of body

21
Q

What happens to blood that doesn’t make it through foramen Ovale?

A

Mixes with SVC blood, into RV, Pulmonary Trunk, Ductus Arteriosis, Aorta

22
Q

Relationship of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance

A

Pressure Change = Flow X Resistance

23
Q

Most important variable in resistance?

A

radius of the tube

24
Q

What does the fourth power law establish?

A

Resistance is proportional to 1/r^4

25
Q

At birth, resistance of the ______ circuit increases and resistance of the _______ circuit decreases.

A

Increase in Systemic

Reduction in Pulmonary

26
Q

What causes rise in systemic resistance?

A

Loss of Placenta

27
Q

How does the increase in systemic resistance cause changes in blood flow?

A

Increased systemic pressure increases LA pressure

Pressure Increase Closes Foramen Ovale

28
Q

What two factors cause the pulmonary resistance to fall?

A

Relieved Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction

Mechanical Factors

29
Q

Name the four structural changes that occur at or after birth.

A

Closure of ductus venosus
Closure of foramen ovale
closure of ductus Arteriosus
Increase in LV Mass, Decrease in RV

30
Q

What is a relic of the ductus venosus?

A

Ligamentum Venosum

31
Q

Describe ductus venosus closure.

A

Within a few hours of loss of umbilical blood flow, the muscular wall of ductus will contract, closing the lumen

32
Q

How does the foramen ovale close?

A

Higher RA pressure pushes the valve against the septum secundum. It eventually adheres.

33
Q

What is the relic of foramen ovale?

A

Fossa Ovalis

34
Q

If fusion if the foramen ovale doesn’t entirely happen - is this a problem?

A

Probably not – pressure will likely hold it closed anyway.

35
Q

How does ductus arteriosus close?

A

Pressure changes reverse blood flow in the duct. Exposure to oxygen causes the media to constrict, eventually closing and filling with fibrous tissue.

Also…bradykinin helps with vasoconstriction.

36
Q

Relic of the ductus arteriosus?

A

Ligamentum Arteriosum.

37
Q

Three common types of congenital heart defects…

A

Stenosis
L –> R Shunts
R –> L Shunts

38
Q

Difference between post-ductal and pre-ductal coarction of aorta.

A

Post ductal – Common – Ductus closes, patients survive normally, but rarely live past 40

Pre ductal – No ductal flow reversal at birth, fetal blood flow pattern persists.

39
Q

Three causes of L –> R Shunts

A

Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Ventricular Septal Defects
Atrial Septal Defects

40
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus associated with…

A

Maternal Rubella

Premature Birth

41
Q

Most common atrial septal defect?

A

Patent Foramen Ovale

42
Q

Two sources/signs of R–>L Shunt

A

Preductal Coarctation of the aorta (patent ductus)

Tetralogy of Fallot

43
Q

Four Defects associated with Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Dextroposed Aorta (can override septum)
Pulmonary Valve/Trunk Stenosis
Ventricular Septal Defect
Right Ventricular Hypertrophy

44
Q

So…explain why exactly Tetrology of Fallot leads to blue babies.

A

In this condition, the blood is being pushed through the defect between the ventricles, allowing almost all of the blood that enters the heart to leave without being oxygenated.

45
Q

Treatment for Fallot?

A

Widen the pulmonary Stenosis
Close the Septal Defect
Reconstruct the Flow pathway

Cardio (10 decks)

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