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Comparative Anatomy 1 > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

Embryology

1
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis

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2
Q

Spermatogenesis gamete

A

spermatozoon, sperm

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3
Q

Oogenesis gamete

A

ovum, single cell surrounded by a plasma membrane

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4
Q

diploid

A

2n (double number of chromosomes)

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5
Q

haploid

A

normal number of chromosomes

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6
Q

forms of parthenogenesis

A

Sexual vs asexual reproduction

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7
Q

forms of fertilization

A

Fertilization – external, internal

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8
Q

embryonic stages

A

zygote, morula, blastula, gastrula, neurula

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9
Q

embryonic processes

A

cleavage, organogenesis, histogenesis, integration

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10
Q

Cleavage

A

forms blastomeres, increase in cell #, not size

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11
Q

Organogenesis

A

form external shapes of organs

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12
Q

Histogenesis

A

cellular/tissue development in organs

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13
Q

Integration

A

neural and hormonal control of function

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14
Q

egg size

A

Microlecithal, Mesolecithal, Macrolecithal

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15
Q

what does lecithal mean

A

yolk

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16
Q

types of microlecithal

A

alecithal, isolecithal, oligolecithal

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17
Q

type of macrolecithal

A

telolecithal (end)

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18
Q

types of polarity

A

Animal pole, vegetal pole

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19
Q

types nutrition for embryo

A

lecithaltrophic - from yolk
matrotrophic - from placental of mother

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20
Q

types of cleavage in Microlecithal, Mesolecithal, Macrolecithal

A

Microlecithal (amount of yolk) has equal (size of blastomeres) holoblastic (division through the yolk) – echinoderms, urochordates, amphioxus, placental mammals
– Mesolecithal has unequal holoblastic – lampreys, some fish (amia), amphibians
– Macrolecithal has meroblastic (incomplete) – elasmobranchs, teleost fish
– Macrolecithal has discoidal (incomplete) – reptiles, birds, monotremes

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21
Q

see slide 10 on lecture slides

A

https://canvas.slu.edu/courses/69262/files/5827427?module_item_id=1999750

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22
Q

germ layers

A

Ectoderm (ecto = outside)
– Mesoderm (meso = middle)
– Endoderm (endo = within)

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23
Q

gastrulation types

A

Gastrulation (gut formation)
– Archenteron or gastrocoel

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24
Q

neurulation

A

Neurulation (nerve cord formation)
– Neurocoel – cavity in nerve cord

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25
what is the coelom
cavity surrounded by mesoderm
26
Cell rearrangements to form embryo from a one layer
– Epiboly Involution – Delamination – Ingression – Cavitation
27
epiboly
cells spread across a surface
28
involution
cells turn inward and spread
29
delamination
sheets of cells split into parallel layers
30
ingression
individual surface cells migrate to interior
31
cavitation
formation of a cavity with in a solid tissue
32
what is mesenchyme
a loose layer of mesodermal cells
33
zygote process in amphioxus
zygot -> cleavage _> now have blastula (hollow ball) blastocoel are the cells on the inside of the blastula gastrulation begins to occur (invagination) with invagination, called the gastrula still have the blastocoel blastopore is the opening of the hole ectoderm is the cells not he entire outside endoderm is the cells lining the inside archenteron is the actual hole
34
zygote process in amphibian
zygot -> cleavage _> now have blastula (top half is hollow) invagination occurs on the opposite half of the blastocoel forms a separate archenteron to the blastocoel
35
amphioxus differentiation and neuralation mesoderm endoderm neural plate
start - neural plate is made into a tube by the closure of ectoderm middle - the coelom and archenteron are connecting, but by the end, they are not somite are segmental mesoderm becomes the notochord endoderm becomes the gut
36
Generalized pattern of vertebrate differentiation of mesoderm and neural tube neural plate notochord endoderm epimere mesomere hypomere
neural plate is ectoderm notochord is mesoderm endoderm is the gut epimere becomes the somite mesomere becomes the kidney the hypomere becomes the coelem
37
slide 23 be able to label
https://canvas.slu.edu/courses/69262/files/5827427?module_item_id=1999750
38
mesoderm is initially apart of the what
archenteron
39
mesoderm is
Notochord – Lateral mesoderm (lateral to notochord) * Epimere (paraxial mesoderm), mere = part * Mesomere (intermediate mesoderm) * Hypomere (lateral plate mesoderm), hypo = under
40
types of coelom
Embryonic coelom, extraembryonic coelom
41
what is somitomeres
connected clusters of epimeres in cranial region
42
what are somites
(separated somitomeres) – Epimere - Dermatone – forms dermis -Mytome – forms skeletal muscle -Sclerotome – vertebrae (singular – vertebra) – Mesomere -Kidney – Hypomere -Coelom – Somatic mesoderm (plus ectoderm = somatopleure) – Splanchnic mesoderm (plus endoderm = splanchnopleure)
43
lamprey formation
neurocoel formed by cavitation coelom formed by schizocoely posteriorly enterococcus formation in coelom anteriorly
44
amphibian formation
coelom formed by schizocoely
45
bird/reptile gastrulation
Cells of germinal disk undergo cleavage, lift up forming subgerminal space. Cells delaminate from germinal disk to form endoderm. The primitive streak functions like a blastopore. Entering cells contribute to the mesoderm by epiboly and involution – spreading between the epiblast and hypoblast or form the endoderm by sinking farther to the level of the hypoblast
46
mammalian gastrulation
similar to reptiles/bird, but no to little yolk
47
Extraembryonic membranes
amniotes only - amnion -chorion yolk sac allantois
48
amnion
Somatopleure (ectoderm & somatic mesoderm), soma = body
49
chorion
Somatopleure
50
yolk sac
Splanchnopleure (endoderm & splanchnic mesoderm), splanchno = viscera
51
Allantois
Splanchnopleure
52
be able to label slide 40
https://canvas.slu.edu/courses/69262/files/5827427?module_item_id=1999750
53
amnion function
Encases the embryo fluid-filled chamber, cushions and protects
54
chorion function
The outer most membrane involved in gas exchange (often fuses with allantois), forms the placenta in some
55
yolk sac function
Passes nutrients to embryo as the yolk mass is digested
56
allantois function
Protrudes from the posterior end of yolk sac, is a repository for wastes
57
be able to label slide 42
https://canvas.slu.edu/courses/69262/files/5827427?module_item_id=1999750
58
what is the placenta
a composite structure formed in part from tissues of the fetus and in part from tissues of the mother where in both establish intimate vascular contact.
59
Only extant amniote taxon with no species having placenta formation
birds
60
Placodes begin as thickening of the surface ectoderm that sink inward and form specific
derivative = sensory receptors
61
placode dorsolateral lateral line
derivative = lateral line mechanoreceptors and electroreceptors
62
placode dorsolateral otic
derivative = vestibular apparatus
63
placode dorsolateral cranial nerve
derivative = sensory nerve ganglia
64
placode epibranchial cranial nerve
derivative = sensory nerve ganglia VII, IX, X
65
placode olfactory
derivative = sensory epithelium
66
placode optic
derivative = lens of eye
67
neural crest derivatives
peripheral nervous system hormones producing cells Schwann cells parts of meninges branchial cartilage cells chromatophore cells odontoblasts dermis of facial region vasorecpetors sensory capsules and parts of neurocranium cephalic armor heart
68
presence of notochord is necessary for
vertebra formation (from sclerotome)
69
Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis
Gametogenesis
70
spermatozoon, sperm
Spermatogenesis gamete
71
ovum, single cell surrounded by a plasma membrane
Oogenesis gamete
72
2n (double number of chromosomes)
diploid
73
normal number of chromosomes
haploid
74
Sexual vs asexual reproduction
forms of parthenogenesis
75
Fertilization – external, internal
forms of fertilization
76
zygote, morula, blastula, gastrula, neurula
embryonic stages
77
cleavage, organogenesis, histogenesis, integration
embryonic processes
78
forms blastomeres, increase in cell #, not size
Cleavage
79
form external shapes of organs
Organogenesis
80
cellular/tissue development in organs
Histogenesis
81
neural and hormonal control of function
Integration
82
Microlecithal, Mesolecithal, Macrolecithal
egg size
83
yolk
what does lecithal mean
84
alecithal, isolecithal, oligolecithal
types of microlecithal
85
telolecithal (end)
type of macrolecithal
86
Animal pole, vegetal pole
types of polarity
87
lecithaltrophic - from yolk matrotrophic - from placental of mother
types nutrition for embryo
88
Microlecithal (amount of yolk) has equal (size of blastomeres) holoblastic (division through the yolk) – echinoderms, urochordates, amphioxus, placental mammals – Mesolecithal has unequal holoblastic – lampreys, some fish (amia), amphibians – Macrolecithal has meroblastic (incomplete) – elasmobranchs, teleost fish – Macrolecithal has discoidal (incomplete) – reptiles, birds, monotremes
types of cleavage in Microlecithal, Mesolecithal, Macrolecithal
89
https://canvas.slu.edu/courses/69262/files/5827427?module_item_id=1999750
see slide 10 on lecture slides
90
Ectoderm (ecto = outside) – Mesoderm (meso = middle) – Endoderm (endo = within)
germ layers
91
Gastrulation (gut formation) – Archenteron or gastrocoel
gastrulation types
92
Neurulation (nerve cord formation) – Neurocoel – cavity in nerve cord
neurulation
93
cavity surrounded by mesoderm
what is the coelom
94
– Epiboly Involution – Delamination – Ingression – Cavitation
Cell rearrangements to form embryo from a one layer
95
cells spread across a surface
epiboly
96
cells turn inward and spread
involution
97
sheets of cells split into parallel layers
delamination
98
individual surface cells migrate to interior
ingression
99
formation of a cavity with in a solid tissue
cavitation
100
a loose layer of mesodermal cells
what is mesenchyme
101
zygot -> cleavage _> now have blastula (hollow ball) blastocoel are the cells on the inside of the blastula gastrulation begins to occur (invagination) with invagination, called the gastrula still have the blastocoel blastopore is the opening of the hole ectoderm is the cells not he entire outside endoderm is the cells lining the inside archenteron is the actual hole
zygote process in amphioxus
102
zygot -> cleavage _> now have blastula (top half is hollow) invagination occurs on the opposite half of the blastocoel forms a separate archenteron to the blastocoel
zygote process in amphibian
103
start - neural plate is made into a tube by the closure of ectoderm middle - the coelom and archenteron are connecting, but by the end, they are not somite are segmental mesoderm becomes the notochord endoderm becomes the gut
amphioxus differentiation and neuralation mesoderm endoderm neural plate
104
neural plate is ectoderm notochord is mesoderm endoderm is the gut epimere becomes the somite mesomere becomes the kidney the hypomere becomes the coelem
Generalized pattern of vertebrate differentiation of mesoderm and neural tube neural plate notochord endoderm epimere mesomere hypomere
105
https://canvas.slu.edu/courses/69262/files/5827427?module_item_id=1999750
slide 23 be able to label
106
archenteron
mesoderm is initially apart of the what
107
Notochord – Lateral mesoderm (lateral to notochord) * Epimere (paraxial mesoderm), mere = part * Mesomere (intermediate mesoderm) * Hypomere (lateral plate mesoderm), hypo = under
mesoderm is
108
Embryonic coelom, extraembryonic coelom
types of coelom
109
connected clusters of epimeres in cranial region
what is somitomeres
110
(separated somitomeres) – Epimere - Dermatone – forms dermis -Mytome – forms skeletal muscle -Sclerotome – vertebrae (singular – vertebra) – Mesomere -Kidney – Hypomere -Coelom – Somatic mesoderm (plus ectoderm = somatopleure) – Splanchnic mesoderm (plus endoderm = splanchnopleure)
what are somites
111
neurocoel formed by cavitation coelom formed by schizocoely posteriorly enterococcus formation in coelom anteriorly
lamprey formation
112
coelom formed by schizocoely
amphibian formation
113
Cells of germinal disk undergo cleavage, lift up forming subgerminal space. Cells delaminate from germinal disk to form endoderm. The primitive streak functions like a blastopore. Entering cells contribute to the mesoderm by epiboly and involution – spreading between the epiblast and hypoblast or form the endoderm by sinking farther to the level of the hypoblast
bird/reptile gastrulation
114
similar to reptiles/bird, but no to little yolk
mammalian gastrulation
115
amniotes only - amnion -chorion yolk sac allantois
Extraembryonic membranes
116
Somatopleure (ectoderm & somatic mesoderm), soma = body
amnion
117
Somatopleure
chorion
118
Splanchnopleure (endoderm & splanchnic mesoderm), splanchno = viscera
yolk sac
119
Splanchnopleure
Allantois
120
https://canvas.slu.edu/courses/69262/files/5827427?module_item_id=1999750
be able to label slide 40
121
Encases the embryo fluid-filled chamber, cushions and protects
amnion function
122
The outer most membrane involved in gas exchange (often fuses with allantois), forms the placenta in some
chorion function
123
Passes nutrients to embryo as the yolk mass is digested
yolk sac function
124
Protrudes from the posterior end of yolk sac, is a repository for wastes
allantois function
125
https://canvas.slu.edu/courses/69262/files/5827427?module_item_id=1999750
be able to label slide 42
126
a composite structure formed in part from tissues of the fetus and in part from tissues of the mother where in both establish intimate vascular contact.
what is the placenta
127
birds
Only extant amniote taxon with no species having placenta formation
128
derivative = sensory receptors
Placodes begin as thickening of the surface ectoderm that sink inward and form specific
129
derivative = lateral line mechanoreceptors and electroreceptors
placode dorsolateral lateral line
130
derivative = vestibular apparatus
placode dorsolateral otic
131
derivative = sensory nerve ganglia
placode dorsolateral cranial nerve
132
derivative = sensory nerve ganglia VII, IX, X
placode epibranchial cranial nerve
133
derivative = sensory epithelium
placode olfactory
134
derivative = lens of eye
placode optic
135
peripheral nervous system hormones producing cells Schwann cells parts of meninges branchial cartilage cells chromatophore cells odontoblasts dermis of facial region vasorecpetors sensory capsules and parts of neurocranium cephalic armor heart
neural crest derivatives
136
vertebra formation (from sclerotome)
presence of notochord is necessary for

Comparative Anatomy 1 (6 decks)

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