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Comparative Anatomy 1 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

Chapter 2

1
Q

Neural Crest Plays an Essential Role in the Evolution of Vertebrates

A

Essential for development of vertebrate features, such as: cephalization, jaws, specialized pigmented cells, specific head muscles, pharyngeal jaws in cichlid fishes, mammal middle ear ossicles, shell in turtles, feathers in birds, constantly growing incisors in rodents, ganglia

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2
Q

Modern View of Vertebrate Origins –
Supported by Genetics

A

Loss of larval stage happened at least twice, independently;

Requires two paedogenic events, notice placement of Uro- and Cephalochordates

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3
Q

Garstang (before genetics): ___ as the
closest relative to vertebrates, larval
form sexually mature (___)

A

Cephalochrodates; progensis

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4
Q

who is paedogenesis

A

Axolotl

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5
Q

who is neoteny

A

humans

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6
Q

example of progenesis

A

A tadpole becomes sexually mature & does not go on to become a frog. No transition from tadpole to frog

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7
Q

example of neoteny

A

Separate larval (tadpole) form and adult (frog) form, but adult has some characteristics previously found only in the larval stage – perhaps a tail remains, etc.

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8
Q

progenesis

A

Larva form of ancestor becomes sexually mature

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9
Q

neoteny

A

Adult retains characteristics found previously only in the larval form of ancestor

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10
Q

Paedogenesis/omorphosis

A

Retention of juvenile features of ancestors in late developmental stages of descendants

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11
Q

Garstang’s theory of the origin of the chordate body plan

A

the echinoderm adult stage eliminated, with larva becoming sexually mature and bigger, gaining notochord, myomeres, and pharyngeal slits

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12
Q

how do Phylum Chordata: Subphylum Urochordata reproduce

A

Can be solitary, or reproduce asexually as a colony.

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13
Q

Urochordata larva

A

ascidia

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14
Q

Subphylum Urochordata
what phylum
what is it made of
does it have a neural crest
time?

A

Phylum Chordata:
tunic of cellulose
Some evidence of neural crest derived pigment cells in some
Cambrian-present

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15
Q

Unique Cephalochordate Notochord

A

because the muscle cells are a derived trait

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16
Q

Unique Cephalochordate “Kidney”

A

has glomerulus, flagellum, microvillus, and it is a derived trait

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17
Q

Cephalochordate Circulatory System
how
blood
plasma
heart
how does blood move
what doesnt beat

A

simple diffusion
blood - colorless, cell-less
plasma - no oxygen-carrying pigment
No heart.
Myoepithelia cells in the hepatic vein, v. aorta, bulbili, and others contract to move the blood.
Sinus Venosus does not beat

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18
Q

Subphylum Cephalochordata
what phylum
what chordate traits
how do they eat
how are they ismialr to vertebrates
how are they unique
time
larval compared to adult

A

Phylum Chordata:
All chordate traits, filter feeder, circulation as in vert.
Unique kidney, unique notochord
Cambrian-present

larval stage resembles the adult

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19
Q

Dorsal-Ventral Patterning In chordates

A

Two main genes involved in dorsal-ventral determination:
– Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) – expressed in ventral part of body
– Chordin – expressed in dorsal part of body
Result: Pharyngeal gill slits ventral in chordates

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20
Q

Dorsal-Ventral Patterning In ancestral bilateral organism (& most invertebrates): GENES

A

Two main genes involved in dorsal-ventral determination:
– Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) – expressed in dorsal part of body
– Chordin – expressed in ventral part of body
Result: Pharyngeal gill slits are dorsal in hemichordates

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21
Q

Class Enteropneusta acorn worm larva

A

called tornaria
no pharyngeal slits
cilia based feeding

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22
Q

Phylum Hemichordata classes

A

Enteropneusta
pterobranchia

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23
Q

Class Enteropneusta - nerve cords
what phylum

A

Phylum Hemichordata:
most lack nerve cords

Some possess dorsal and ventral nerve cord

Dorsal nerve cord can be hollow

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24
Q

Class Enteropneusta
what phylum
what chordate trait

A

Phylum Hemichordata:
- Only one chordate like trait: pharyngeal slits (dorsal)

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25
Phylum Echinodermata what does their name mean larvae feet endoskeleton how are they a different deuterosome time fram
Echinoderms = “spiny-skin” plates, marine Larvae have bilateral symmetry tube feet/podia Endoskeleton - (calcium carbonate plates = ossicles) Deuterostome invertebrate, no notochord, 2º loss of pharyngeal slits Cambrian to present
26
describe the development after the protostomes
1) pharyngeal slits - echinodermata 2) pattern inversion - prechordate 3) endostyle 4) post anal tain, myomeres 5) dorsal nerve cord, notochord - first chordate 6) neural crest 7) cephalized brain - first vertebrate
27
what does the endostyle do
produces mucous that contains thyroxine, like our thyroid – affects metabolism; a.k.a. the hypobranchial groove
28
development of nerve cord
flat neural plate with 2 neural borders at the end convergence happens where the neural plate borders fold together, forcing the neural plate to create a packet, now called the neural groove the neural folds meet, close off the neural groove, which is now the neural tube
29
dorsal hollow nerve cord what is it made of who has it
ectodermal origin (neurectoderm) neural crest: unique to vertebrates and maybe urochordates
30
notochord
bends, but not compressible. allows for a swimming motion
31
chordate traits
notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal slits in pharynx, endostyle, postanal tail, pressende of myomeres
32
Non chordate deuterosomes
echinodermata, hermichordata
33
what is the coelom
the body cavity (fluid-filled body cavity of an animal that contains the internal organs)
34
what does the endoderm become
digestive, respiratory
35
what does the mesoderm become
connective tissue, muscle, most bones, lymphatic and blood vessels, dermis
36
what does the ectoderm become
pidermis, nerves & neural crest (neurectoderm)
37
what does mean enterocoelic (how does it form)
mesoderm pockets pinch off of gut to form coelom
38
schizocoelic
block of solid mesoderm splits to form coelom
39
deuterostome development: pore cleavage coelom skeleton development larval echinoderm
blastopore (anus) radial cleavage enterocoelic coelom mesodermal skeleton indeterminate development (identical twins are possible) bilateral symmetry in larval echinoderm
40
protostome development: pore cleavage coelom skeleton development
blastopore (mouth) spiral cleavage schizocoelic coelom ectodermal skeleton determinate development (removal of cell, development ceases)
41
describe development of zygote
zygote (cleavage) blastula (inside is hollow called blastocoel) (gastrulation) cells start to sink in creating a hole called the blastopore. the cell on the inside of the hole are called archenteron.
42
Essential for development of vertebrate features, such as: cephalization, jaws, specialized pigmented cells, specific head muscles, pharyngeal jaws in cichlid fishes, mammal middle ear ossicles, shell in turtles, feathers in birds, constantly growing incisors in rodents, ganglia
Neural Crest Plays an Essential Role in the Evolution of Vertebrates
43
Loss of larval stage happened at least twice, independently; Requires two paedogenic events, notice placement of Uro- and Cephalochordates
Modern View of Vertebrate Origins – Supported by Genetics
44
Cephalochrodates; progensis
Garstang (before genetics): ___ as the closest relative to vertebrates, larval form sexually mature (___)
45
Axolotl
who is paedogenesis
46
humans
who is neoteny
47
A tadpole becomes sexually mature & does not go on to become a frog. No transition from tadpole to frog
example of progenesis
48
Separate larval (tadpole) form and adult (frog) form, but adult has some characteristics previously found only in the larval stage – perhaps a tail remains, etc.
example of neoteny
49
Larva form of ancestor becomes sexually mature
progenesis
50
Adult retains characteristics found previously only in the larval form of ancestor
neoteny
51
Retention of juvenile features of ancestors in late developmental stages of descendants
Paedogenesis/omorphosis
52
the echinoderm adult stage eliminated, with larva becoming sexually mature and bigger, gaining notochord, myomeres, and pharyngeal slits
Garstang’s theory of the origin of the chordate body plan
53
Can be solitary, or reproduce asexually as a colony.
how do Phylum Chordata: Subphylum Urochordata reproduce
54
ascidia
Urochordata larva
55
Phylum Chordata: tunic of cellulose Some evidence of neural crest derived pigment cells in some Cambrian-present
Subphylum Urochordata what phylum what is it made of does it have a neural crest time?
56
because the muscle cells are a derived trait
Unique Cephalochordate Notochord
57
has glomerulus, flagellum, microvillus, and it is a derived trait
Unique Cephalochordate “Kidney”
58
simple diffusion blood - colorless, cell-less plasma - no oxygen-carrying pigment No heart. Myoepithelia cells in the hepatic vein, v. aorta, bulbili, and others contract to move the blood. Sinus Venosus does not beat
Cephalochordate Circulatory System how blood plasma heart how does blood move what doesnt beat
59
Phylum Chordata: All chordate traits, filter feeder, circulation as in vert. Unique kidney, unique notochord Cambrian-present larval stage resembles the adult
Subphylum Cephalochordata what phylum what chordate traits how do they eat how are they ismialr to vertebrates how are they unique time larval compared to adult
60
Two main genes involved in dorsal-ventral determination: – Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) – expressed in ventral part of body – Chordin – expressed in dorsal part of body Result: Pharyngeal gill slits ventral in chordates
Dorsal-Ventral Patterning In chordates
61
Two main genes involved in dorsal-ventral determination: – Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) – expressed in dorsal part of body – Chordin – expressed in ventral part of body Result: Pharyngeal gill slits are dorsal in hemichordates
Dorsal-Ventral Patterning In ancestral bilateral organism (& most invertebrates): GENES
62
called tornaria no pharyngeal slits cilia based feeding
Class Enteropneusta acorn worm larva
63
Enteropneusta pterobranchia
Phylum Hemichordata classes
64
Phylum Hemichordata: most lack nerve cords Some possess dorsal and ventral nerve cord Dorsal nerve cord can be hollow
Class Enteropneusta - nerve cords what phylum
65
Phylum Hemichordata: - Only one chordate like trait: pharyngeal slits (dorsal)
Class Enteropneusta what phylum what chordate trait
66
Echinoderms = “spiny-skin” plates, marine Larvae have bilateral symmetry tube feet/podia Endoskeleton - (calcium carbonate plates = ossicles) Deuterostome invertebrate, no notochord, 2º loss of pharyngeal slits Cambrian to present
Phylum Echinodermata what does their name mean larvae feet endoskeleton how are they a different deuterosome time fram
67
1) pharyngeal slits - echinodermata 2) pattern inversion - prechordate 3) endostyle 4) post anal tain, myomeres 5) dorsal nerve cord, notochord - first chordate 6) neural crest 7) cephalized brain - first vertebrate
describe the development after the protostomes
68
produces mucous that contains thyroxine, like our thyroid – affects metabolism; a.k.a. the hypobranchial groove
what does the endostyle do
69
flat neural plate with 2 neural borders at the end convergence happens where the neural plate borders fold together, forcing the neural plate to create a packet, now called the neural groove the neural folds meet, close off the neural groove, which is now the neural tube
development of nerve cord
70
ectodermal origin (neurectoderm) neural crest: unique to vertebrates and maybe urochordates
dorsal hollow nerve cord what is it made of who has it
71
bends, but not compressible. allows for a swimming motion
notochord
72
notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal slits in pharynx, endostyle, postanal tail, pressende of myomeres
chordate traits
73
echinodermata, hermichordata
Non chordate deuterosomes
74
the body cavity (fluid-filled body cavity of an animal that contains the internal organs)
what is the coelom
75
digestive, respiratory
what does the endoderm become
76
connective tissue, muscle, most bones, lymphatic and blood vessels, dermis
what does the mesoderm become
77
pidermis, nerves & neural crest (neurectoderm)
what does the ectoderm become
78
mesoderm pockets pinch off of gut to form coelom
what does mean enterocoelic (how does it form)
79
block of solid mesoderm splits to form coelom
schizocoelic
80
blastopore (anus) radial cleavage enterocoelic coelom mesodermal skeleton indeterminate development (identical twins are possible) bilateral symmetry in larval echinoderm
deuterostome development: pore cleavage coelom skeleton development larval echinoderm
81
blastopore (mouth) spiral cleavage schizocoelic coelom ectodermal skeleton determinate development (removal of cell, development ceases)
protostome development: pore cleavage coelom skeleton development
82
zygote (cleavage) blastula (inside is hollow called blastocoel) (gastrulation) cells start to sink in creating a hole called the blastopore. the cell on the inside of the hole are called archenteron.
describe development of zygote

Comparative Anatomy 1 (6 decks)

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