Lecture 4 Flashcards
Tetrapods Amphibians through Reptiles
1
Q
oviparous -
A
egg laying
2
Q
ovoviviparous
A
egg forms without shell and develops inside parent. Energy source is in the egg, typically stays in oviduct until hatching
3
Q
Subclass Lissamphibia
phylum
subphylum
class
subclass
time
example
A
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata, Class Amphibia
Subclass Amphibian (old Class Lissamphibia)
* First seen in Jurassic
* Anamniotes
4
Q
Common Characteristics of Modern Amphibians
A
pedicellate teeth
Auricular operculum - hearing
Eggs: no shell and no amniotic membranes, laid in water
lungs with cutaneous respiration through mucous glands
Granular (poison) skin glands
Scales absent
5
Q
Subclass Lissamphibia - Three Orders (many names)
A
– Order Gymnophiona (Apoda)
– Order Urodella (Caudata)
– Order Salientia (Anura)
6
Q
order Anura name
A
Jump/no tail
7
Q
order caudata name
A
Cauda = tail
8
Q
order apoda name
A
Gymno = naked
Ophio = snakes
Apoda = no feet
9
Q
The hyomandibular of fishes becomes the
___ of most tetrapods, which becomes
the ___ of mammals.
A
columella, stapes
10
Q
Order Apoda
A
No legs, “naked snakes”
* Dermal scales present in some
11
Q
Order Caudata/Urodela
A
Largest living salamanders
12
Q
Order Anura
A
diverse phyletic
Includes frogs and toads
jumping
Fossils from lower Triassic (230 mya) Madagascar
13
Q
example of Anura
A
Tailed frog
Northwest US and adjacent Canada
internal fertilization (unusual for frogs)
14
Q
are amphibia amniotes?
A
they are anamniotes
15
Q
who are the first amniotes
A
reptilia
16
Q
class reptilia
phylum
subphylum
offspring
what did they lose
feature
A
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
nvented amnion
Oviparous, ovoviviparous, and viviparous forms
Lost larval stage
Highly keratinized claws
17
Q
Four living orders of reptilia:
A
Crocodylia
– Sphenodonta – Sphenodon, the tuatara: 2 species
– Squamata - lizards and snakes
– Testudinata - turtles
18
Q
Cotylosaurs
A
basal amniotes, stem reptiles
19
Q
subclasses of reptilia
A
Subclass Parareptilia
Subclass Eureptilia
20
Q
order of Subclass Parareptilia
A
Order Pareiasauria
21
Q
Subclass Eureptilia
A
Order Thecodontia (socket teeth)
* Order Crocodylia
* Order Pterosauria (winged lizard)
* Order Saurischia (lizard-like dinosaurs)
* Order Ornithischia (bird-like dinosaurs)
* Infraclass (used to be order) Ichthyosauria (Ichthyopterygia)
* Order Plesiosauria
order Sphenodonta – tuatara (Sphenodon)
* Order Squamata – snakes and lizards
* *Superorder Testudinata (turtles and fossil animals)
– Suborder Chelonia (used to be in Parareptilia)
22
Q
who has the superorder archosauria - first lizard
A
Order Thecodontia (socket teeth)
* Order Crocodylia
* Order Pterosauria (winged lizard)
* Order Saurischia (lizard-like dinosaurs)
* Order Ornithischia (bird-like dinosaurs)
23
Q
Class Synapsida
A
Order Pelycosauria (close or near)
* Order Therapsida – mammals and their recent ancestors
24
Q
what is anapsid
A
orbit, no other holes
25
who has anapsid skull
subclass parareptilia and basal amniotes
26
what it the synapsid skull?
orbit + big hole behind it
27
who has synapsid skull
class synapsida, class mammalia (modified)
28
what is a diapsid skull
orbit, supratemporal fenestra, infratempral fenestra
29
who has a diapsid skull
Class Eureptilia (modified in most), Superorder Testudinata (modified), & Class Aves (modified)
30
what is a euryapsid skull
orbit, supratemporal fenestra
31
who has a euryapsid skull
Infra class Ichthyosauria & Order Plesiosauria
32
skull evolution
diapsid and synapsid have a recent common ancestor.
the modified synapsid is derived form the synapsid
the modified diapsid is derived for the diapsid
33
Order Pareiasauria
are they alive
distinctive traits
time
Subclass Parareptilia
extinct
Distinctive anapsid skull, eardrum, retroarticular process
Permian to Triassic
34
Order Thecodontia
distinguishing features
group
ancestral to who
Subclass Eureptilia (new reptiles)
Superorder Archosauria
Considered ancestral to all other Archosaurs
Paraphyletic group
Distinguishing features:
– Antorbital fenestra
– Teeth in sockets
35
Order Crocodylia
integument
dermis
egg
features
time
Subclass Eureptilia (new reptiles)
Superorder Archosauria
integument – stratified keratinized squamous epithelium
* Dermis – osteoderms and gastralia
* All oviparous
* Antorbital fenestra is closed, retain thecodont teeth
* Semiaquatic
* Appear in late Triassic
36
Family Gavialoidea - Gharials
* Subclass Eureptilia (new reptiles)
Superorder Archosauria (first lizards)
Order Crocodylia
* South Asia
* Long narrow jaws
37
Order Pterosauria
early
late
Subclass Eureptilia (new reptiles)
Superorder Archosauria (first lizards)
(winged lizard)
Know
Early pterosaur (Jurassic), notice teeth, tail
Later pterosaur (Late Cretaceous), Note elongated skull, no tail/teeth
(this is NOT where birds come from)
38
Dinosaurs are divided into two groups
based on hip formation
saurischian hip - ischium and pubic pointing different directions
ornithischian hip - ischium and pubis point in same direction
39
who has the saurischian hips?
(lizard hip/pelvis)
– Brontosaurus
– Brachiosaurus
– Megalosaurus
– Tyrannosaurus
both herbivores and saurischia
heavier animals
40
who had the ornithischian hips?
bird hips/pelvis
Stegosaurus
– Ankylosaurus
– Triceratops
– Iguanodon
most were herbivores
smaller animals
41
Infraclass Icthyosauria and Order Plesiosauria
skull and time
Subclass Eureptilia (new reptiles)
“Euryapsids
ichthyosaurs- early triassic-late cretaceous
plesiosaur - late triassic- cretaceos
Both Euryapsids – Modified Diapsids = extinct
42
Superorder Lepidosauria includes
Order Sphenodonta – tuatara (Sphenodon)
* Order Squamata – snakes and lizards
43
Order Spenodonta
Family Sphenodontidae, Genus Sphenodon
Two surviving species:
– Sphenodon punctatus, S. guntheri
44
Sphenodon punctatus
True diapsid skull
45
Order Squamata
Superorder Lepidosauria
Squamatus = epidermal scales
* Two suborders:
– Lacertilia – lizards (4450 species)
– Serpentes – snakes (3000 species)
* i.e. snakes are a group of lizards
46
Suborder Serpentes
all snakes lack what
Superorder Lepidosauria Order Squamata
All snakes lack pectoral girdle and limbs
47
what is special about the tetradophis amplectus?
Notice its four small, paddle-like legs
early Cretaceous period and is
considered one of the oldest snakes
48
Superorder Testudinata
suborder
types
families
anatomy
time
Suborder Chelonia
Turtle
Tortoise
Terrapin
* Two families:
– Cryptodira
– Pleurodira
* Lack teeth
* Carapace and plastron, girdles inside of rib cage
* Fossils from Triassic
49
type of Suborder Chelonia
Phrynops rufipes – Red Amazon sideneck (pleurodira)
turtle
50
Osteoderms are ___ bone. Ribs are ___ bone
dermal, endochondral
51
The ___, composed of dermal bone, expands to form the ___ of turtles
gastralia, plastron
52
Ribs and vertebrae, composed of endochondral bone, expand to form the ___ of turtles
carapace
53
evolution to make mammals
dentary/squamosal jaw articulation and 3 ear ossicles
54
why were the first synapsids not our typical mammals
Still have quadrate/articular jaw articulation
55
Order Pelycosauria
time
articulation
skull
spine
Mid carboniferous – Permian
had quadrate/articular
jaw articulation. Synapsids
prominent neural spine
56
Order Therapsida
mouth
trait
time
Permian – Triassic
Flesh eaters
* Four footed runners
* Thecodont teeth
* Dentary enlarged
* Teeth differentiated (incisors, canines, premolars, molars)
* Secondary palate enlarged quadrate/articular jaw articulation. Synapsids.**
Look more mammalian
57
mass extinctions definitions
the extinction of a large percentage of the earth’s species
58
result of extinctions
open ecological niches that other species then fill
59
how many extinctions have there been
10
60
five greatest extinctions and how long ago
Five greatest:
– Ordovician (~435 mya)
– Devonian (~357 mya)
– Permian (~250 mya)
– Triassic (~198 mya)
– Cretaceous (~65 mya)
61
which mass extinction was the most devastating and why
Most devastating was at the end of the Permian period, when an estimated 95% of marine species and 8 of 27 insect orders were lost
62
most famous mass extinction and why
Best known was at the end of the Cretaceous period, when the dinosaurs and many other plants and animals disappeared and up to 75% of all marine genera were lost
63
what may have been the causes of the permian mass extinction
Drastic environmental changes
– meteorite or comet impact
– massive volcanic eruptions
– temperature change
* Possible causes for Permian Extinction
– Volcanic eruptions in Siberia for up to 800,000 years
* Dust and droplets blocked the sun causing global cooling, trapped sea water in the polar ice caps. Inland sea and ocean levels lowered, changing marine habitats
* Alternatively, carbon dioxide and other gases released by the volcanic eruptions raised temperatures by 10-30oC in an extreme green house effect which disrupted ocean circulation patterns.
– Large meteor impact, or a supernova that exploded near enough to the earth to bathe it in radioactivity that destroyed the ozone layer
– Other factors - breakup of the super continent Pangea
64
what may have been the causes of the Cretaceous mass extinction
Likely cause for the Cretaceous Extinction:
– One or more meteors or comets hit the earth
* Massive amounts of debris and sulfur in the air blocked the sunlight from reaching the earth’s surface
– In 1980, Walter Alvarez of UC Berkely found a layer of iridium (rare on earth, concentrated in meteors) in sediments.
* Dated to the time of the Cretaceous extinction
* In 1991, the Chicxulub (Chee-shee-lube) crater was discovered in the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico.
– ~180 km wide, was created by a 10 km diameter asteroid
– Large amounts of sulfur found in Chicxulub soil
– Sulfuric acid dispersed into the atmosphere created a dense haze that could have cooled the earth to 10-17 oC.
* Other factors - global wildfires may have incinerated as much as one quarter of the earth’s vegetation followed the impact.
65
viviparous
development inside the parent resulting in live birth
66
egg laying
oviparous -
67
egg forms without shell and develops inside parent. Energy source is in the egg, typically stays in oviduct until hatching
ovoviviparous
68
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata, Class Amphibia
Subclass Amphibian (old Class Lissamphibia)
* First seen in Jurassic
* Anamniotes
Subclass Lissamphibia
phylum
subphylum
class
subclass
time
example
69
pedicellate teeth
Auricular operculum - hearing
Eggs: no shell and no amniotic membranes, laid in water
lungs with cutaneous respiration through mucous glands
Granular (poison) skin glands
Scales absent
Common Characteristics of Modern Amphibians
70
– Order Gymnophiona (Apoda)
– Order Urodella (Caudata)
– Order Salientia (Anura)
Subclass Lissamphibia - Three Orders (many names)
71
Jump/no tail
order Anura name
72
Cauda = tail
order caudata name
73
Gymno = naked
Ophio = snakes
Apoda = no feet
order apoda name
74
columella, stapes
The hyomandibular of fishes becomes the
___ of most tetrapods, which becomes
the ___ of mammals.
75
No legs, “naked snakes”
* Dermal scales present in some
Order Apoda
76
Largest living salamanders
Order Caudata/Urodela
77
diverse phyletic
Includes frogs and toads
jumping
Fossils from lower Triassic (230 mya) Madagascar
Order Anura
78
Tailed frog
Northwest US and adjacent Canada
internal fertilization (unusual for frogs)
example of Anura
79
they are anamniotes
are amphibia amniotes?
80
reptilia
who are the first amniotes
81
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
nvented amnion
Oviparous, ovoviviparous, and viviparous forms
Lost larval stage
Highly keratinized claws
class reptilia
phylum
subphylum
offspring
what did they lose
feature
82
Crocodylia
– Sphenodonta – Sphenodon, the tuatara: 2 species
– Squamata - lizards and snakes
– Testudinata - turtles
Four living orders of reptilia:
83
basal amniotes, stem reptiles
Cotylosaurs
84
Subclass Parareptilia
Subclass Eureptilia
subclasses of reptilia
85
Order Pareiasauria
order of Subclass Parareptilia
86
Order Thecodontia (socket teeth)
* Order Crocodylia
* Order Pterosauria (winged lizard)
* Order Saurischia (lizard-like dinosaurs)
* Order Ornithischia (bird-like dinosaurs)
* Infraclass (used to be order) Ichthyosauria (Ichthyopterygia)
* Order Plesiosauria
order Sphenodonta – tuatara (Sphenodon)
* Order Squamata – snakes and lizards
* *Superorder Testudinata (turtles and fossil animals)
– Suborder Chelonia (used to be in Parareptilia)
Subclass Eureptilia
87
Order Thecodontia (socket teeth)
* Order Crocodylia
* Order Pterosauria (winged lizard)
* Order Saurischia (lizard-like dinosaurs)
* Order Ornithischia (bird-like dinosaurs)
who has the superorder archosauria - first lizard
88
Order Pelycosauria (close or near)
* Order Therapsida – mammals and their recent ancestors
Class Synapsida
89
orbit, no other holes
what is anapsid
90
subclass parareptilia and basal amniotes
who has anapsid skull
91
orbit + big hole behind it
what it the synapsid skull?
92
class synapsida, class mammalia (modified)
who has synapsid skull
93
orbit, supratemporal fenestra, infratempral fenestra
what is a diapsid skull
94
Class Eureptilia (modified in most), Superorder Testudinata (modified), & Class Aves (modified)
who has a diapsid skull
95
orbit, supratemporal fenestra
what is a euryapsid skull
96
Infra class Ichthyosauria & Order Plesiosauria
who has a euryapsid skull
97
diapsid and synapsid have a recent common ancestor.
the modified synapsid is derived form the synapsid
the modified diapsid is derived for the diapsid
skull evolution
98
Subclass Parareptilia
extinct
Distinctive anapsid skull, eardrum, retroarticular process
Permian to Triassic
Order Pareiasauria
are they alive
distinctive traits
time
99
Subclass Eureptilia (new reptiles)
Superorder Archosauria
Considered ancestral to all other Archosaurs
Paraphyletic group
Distinguishing features:
– Antorbital fenestra
– Teeth in sockets
Order Thecodontia
distinguishing features
group
ancestral to who
100
Subclass Eureptilia (new reptiles)
Superorder Archosauria
integument – stratified keratinized squamous epithelium
* Dermis – osteoderms and gastralia
* All oviparous
* Antorbital fenestra is closed, retain thecodont teeth
* Semiaquatic
* Appear in late Triassic
Order Crocodylia
integument
dermis
egg
features
time
101
* Subclass Eureptilia (new reptiles)
Superorder Archosauria (first lizards)
Order Crocodylia
* South Asia
* Long narrow jaws
Family Gavialoidea - Gharials
102
Subclass Eureptilia (new reptiles)
Superorder Archosauria (first lizards)
(winged lizard)
Know
Early pterosaur (Jurassic), notice teeth, tail
Later pterosaur (Late Cretaceous), Note elongated skull, no tail/teeth
(this is NOT where birds come from)
Order Pterosauria
early
late
103
saurischian hip - ischium and pubic pointing different directions
ornithischian hip - ischium and pubis point in same direction
Dinosaurs are divided into two groups
based on hip formation
104
(lizard hip/pelvis)
– Brontosaurus
– Brachiosaurus
– Megalosaurus
– Tyrannosaurus
both herbivores and saurischia
heavier animals
who has the saurischian hips?
105
bird hips/pelvis
Stegosaurus
– Ankylosaurus
– Triceratops
– Iguanodon
most were herbivores
smaller animals
who had the ornithischian hips?
106
Subclass Eureptilia (new reptiles)
“Euryapsids
ichthyosaurs- early triassic-late cretaceous
plesiosaur - late triassic- cretaceos
Both Euryapsids – Modified Diapsids = extinct
Infraclass Icthyosauria and Order Plesiosauria
skull and time
107
Order Sphenodonta – tuatara (Sphenodon)
* Order Squamata – snakes and lizards
Superorder Lepidosauria includes
108
Family Sphenodontidae, Genus Sphenodon
Two surviving species:
– Sphenodon punctatus, S. guntheri
Order Spenodonta
109
True diapsid skull
Sphenodon punctatus
110
Superorder Lepidosauria
Squamatus = epidermal scales
* Two suborders:
– Lacertilia – lizards (4450 species)
– Serpentes – snakes (3000 species)
* i.e. snakes are a group of lizards
Order Squamata
111
Superorder Lepidosauria Order Squamata
All snakes lack pectoral girdle and limbs
Suborder Serpentes
all snakes lack what
112
Notice its four small, paddle-like legs
early Cretaceous period and is
considered one of the oldest snakes
what is special about the tetradophis amplectus?
113
Suborder Chelonia
Turtle
Tortoise
Terrapin
* Two families:
– Cryptodira
– Pleurodira
* Lack teeth
* Carapace and plastron, girdles inside of rib cage
* Fossils from Triassic
Superorder Testudinata
suborder
types
families
anatomy
time
114
Phrynops rufipes – Red Amazon sideneck (pleurodira)
turtle
type of Suborder Chelonia
115
dermal, endochondral
Osteoderms are ___ bone. Ribs are ___ bone
116
gastralia, plastron
The ___, composed of dermal bone, expands to form the ___ of turtles
117
carapace
Ribs and vertebrae, composed of endochondral bone, expand to form the ___ of turtles
118
dentary/squamosal jaw articulation and 3 ear ossicles
evolution to make mammals
119
Still have quadrate/articular jaw articulation
why were the first synapsids not our typical mammals
120
Mid carboniferous – Permian
had quadrate/articular
jaw articulation. Synapsids
prominent neural spine
Order Pelycosauria
time
articulation
skull
spine
121
Permian – Triassic
Flesh eaters
* Four footed runners
* Thecodont teeth
* Dentary enlarged
* Teeth differentiated (incisors, canines, premolars, molars)
* Secondary palate enlarged quadrate/articular jaw articulation. Synapsids.**
Look more mammalian
Order Therapsida
mouth
trait
time
122
the extinction of a large percentage of the earth’s species
mass extinctions definitions
123
open ecological niches that other species then fill
result of extinctions
124
10
how many extinctions have there been
125
Five greatest:
– Ordovician (~435 mya)
– Devonian (~357 mya)
– Permian (~250 mya)
– Triassic (~198 mya)
– Cretaceous (~65 mya)
five greatest extinctions and how long ago
126
Most devastating was at the end of the Permian period, when an estimated 95% of marine species and 8 of 27 insect orders were lost
which mass extinction was the most devastating and why
127
Best known was at the end of the Cretaceous period, when the dinosaurs and many other plants and animals disappeared and up to 75% of all marine genera were lost
most famous mass extinction and why
128
Drastic environmental changes
– meteorite or comet impact
– massive volcanic eruptions
– temperature change
* Possible causes for Permian Extinction
– Volcanic eruptions in Siberia for up to 800,000 years
* Dust and droplets blocked the sun causing global cooling, trapped sea water in the polar ice caps. Inland sea and ocean levels lowered, changing marine habitats
* Alternatively, carbon dioxide and other gases released by the volcanic eruptions raised temperatures by 10-30oC in an extreme green house effect which disrupted ocean circulation patterns.
– Large meteor impact, or a supernova that exploded near enough to the earth to bathe it in radioactivity that destroyed the ozone layer
– Other factors - breakup of the super continent Pangea
what may have been the causes of the permian mass extinction
129
Likely cause for the Cretaceous Extinction:
– One or more meteors or comets hit the earth
* Massive amounts of debris and sulfur in the air blocked the sunlight from reaching the earth’s surface
– In 1980, Walter Alvarez of UC Berkely found a layer of iridium (rare on earth, concentrated in meteors) in sediments.
* Dated to the time of the Cretaceous extinction
* In 1991, the Chicxulub (Chee-shee-lube) crater was discovered in the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico.
– ~180 km wide, was created by a 10 km diameter asteroid
– Large amounts of sulfur found in Chicxulub soil
– Sulfuric acid dispersed into the atmosphere created a dense haze that could have cooled the earth to 10-17 oC.
* Other factors - global wildfires may have incinerated as much as one quarter of the earth’s vegetation followed the impact.
what may have been the causes of the Cretaceous mass extinction
130
development inside the parent resulting in live birth
viviparous
