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Comparative Anatomy 1 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

Chapter 1

1
Q

Linnaeus

A

the father of taxology

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2
Q

what is taxonomy

A

classifying organisms into groups based off their morphology

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3
Q

what is a taxon

A

a named group of organisms

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4
Q

are linnaeus’ grouping and terms used today?

A

yes

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5
Q

how did Linnaeus promote species?

A

fixed and do not change

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6
Q

who were the naturalists?

A

Ray and Agassiz

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7
Q

what did naturalists believe?

A

learn about god by studying his creation species do not change

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8
Q

Ray

A

explained why god made annoying animals like lice - to encourage us to be clean

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9
Q

Agassiz

A

studied fossil fishes. remained in opposition of Darwin

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10
Q

who were the morphologists

A

Owen, Cuvier, Huxley

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11
Q

what did morphologists do

A

focused on form and funtion

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12
Q

Owen

A

species do not change. but homologies needed explanation. introduced vertebral archetype– each segment of the body as a variation of vertebra. similar to serial homology

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13
Q

Cuvier

A

Fossils, individual parts working together in the whole. Argued if one part changed, organism non-functional = species don’t change.
Believed extinction occurred.

Boasted could tell an entire animal’s anatomy by looking at one bone

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14
Q

Huxley

A

“Darwin’s Bulldog” for strong defense of natural selection.

Opposed to “archetypes.”

Accomplished comparative anatomist. Ideas on serial homology

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15
Q

What did Lamark think

A

evolution by means of acquired characteristics

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16
Q

Lamark

A

Suggest that species could change.

Believed in spontaneous generation followed by evolution.

Thought new traits acquired during an organism’s life time in response to environmental demand could be passed to offspring.

“Progressive” change, with humans most perfect or complex. Not so, can be advantageous to lose traits (ex: parasites).

Many still confuse Lamark’s ideas with that of Darwin

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17
Q

Darwin

A

Proposed mechanism for Evolution.

Realized offspring resemble parents, but are not identical (variation).

Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836), finches

Influenced by Malthus: An Essay on the Principle of Population, as It Affects the Future Improvement of Society

Origin of Species, written in 1838, to publish after death. Published 20 yrs later after prompting from Wallace

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18
Q

what did Darwin think

A

Evolution by Means of Natural Selection

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19
Q

Wallace

A

Studied rare plants and animals in exotic places (Amazon, etc.)

Came to similar conclusions as Darwin - read same Malthus essay

Sent his work to Darwin for comment (1858)

Presented jointly in front of Royal Academy (1859)

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20
Q

A simple model for selection

A

population with variation in heritable traits plus selection pressure yields

differential survival or differential reproduction yields

accumulation of favorable traits in the population yields 1)

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21
Q

mutation is the ___ that leads to new ___ that ___ can act upon

A

raw material, traits, select

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22
Q

evolution is not ___ and doesn’t have a ___

A

progressive, goal

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23
Q

descent with modification

A

produced modern species from ancestral species

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24
Q

Descent with modification makes two testable predictions about the nature of species

A
  • species change through time
    – species are related by common ancestry
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25
types of change
punctuated equilibrium = abrupt change gradual evolutionary change
26
mendel
Published work in 1865 “Rediscovered” about 30 years later Described recessive and dominant “factors” passed on to offspring Laws of segregation and independent assortment
27
biological species concept
Species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.
28
Evolutionary Species Concept
Species are single evolutionary lineages with unique tendencies and historical fates
29
how are phylogenies made
Based on homology of traits – comparative morphology, gene sequences Should be thought of as a hypothesis
30
what is a homology
common origin
31
what is an analogy
same function, different origin, result of convergent evolution
32
what is convergent evolution
new analogous structures arise due to similar environmental conditions
33
pre adaptation
a new trait which appears and is later selected for leading to adaptation
34
serial homology
homology between successively repeated parts in the same organism. Examples: vertebrae, gill arches, muscle segments
35
what is Haeckel's phylogeny
an actual tree - mammals at the top, then vertebrates, then invertebrates, then primitive animals
36
what is a plesiomorphy
a primitive trait - one that is before other derived traits
37
what is a synapomorphy
a derived trait
38
what is a parsimony
the principle that the simplest explanation for a phenomenon is the most likely to be true
39
what is a monophyletic group
everything in one branch
40
what is a polyphyletic group
some from one branch, some from another branch
41
what is a paraphyletic group
some form one branch, but not all
42
total group
everyone apart of a branch,, including recent common ancestor
43
crown group
living members of the total group and most recent common ancestor
44
stem group
paraphyletic group, primitive relatives of crown group, doesn't include most recent common ancestry to grown group
45
___ genes are present in embryo as in adult
same
46
some genes only ___ during development, laying down frame work of the adult body in the embryo
expressed
47
mutation results in
new traits
48
what is a mutation
modification of existing genetic materials
49
what is the source of variation
mutations
50
what is embryology
Deals with the development of an embryo from the fertilization of the ovum to the fetus stage
51
what is ontogeny
Deals with the origination and development of an organism, usually from the time of fertilization of the ovum to the organism's mature form. Can be used to refer to the study of the entirety of an organism's lifespan
52
eras form 541 million yrs ago and their year
Paleozoic - 541 mesozoic - 252 cenozoic - 66
53
periods of Paleozoic
cambrian Ordovician silurian devonian carboniferous permian
54
periods of mesozoic
triassic jurassic cetaceous
55
cenozoic
paleogene neogene
56
the father of taxology
Linnaeus
57
classifying organisms into groups based off their morphology
what is taxonomy
58
a named group of organisms
what is a taxon
59
yes
are linnaeus' grouping and terms used today?
60
fixed and do not change
how did Linnaeus promote species?
61
Ray and Agassiz
who were the naturalists?
62
learn about god by studying his creation species do not change
what did naturalists believe?
63
explained why god made annoying animals like lice - to encourage us to be clean
Ray
64
studied fossil fishes. remained in opposition of Darwin
Agassiz
65
Owen, Cuvier, Huxley
who were the morphologists
66
focused on form and funtion
what did morphologists do
67
species do not change. but homologies needed explanation. introduced vertebral archetype-- each segment of the body as a variation of vertebra. similar to serial homology
Owen
68
Fossils, individual parts working together in the whole. Argued if one part changed, organism non-functional = species don’t change. Believed extinction occurred. Boasted could tell an entire animal’s anatomy by looking at one bone
Cuvier
69
“Darwin’s Bulldog” for strong defense of natural selection. Opposed to “archetypes.” Accomplished comparative anatomist. Ideas on serial homology
Huxley
70
evolution by means of acquired characteristics
What did Lamark think
71
Suggest that species could change. Believed in spontaneous generation followed by evolution. Thought new traits acquired during an organism’s life time in response to environmental demand could be passed to offspring. “Progressive” change, with humans most perfect or complex. Not so, can be advantageous to lose traits (ex: parasites). Many still confuse Lamark’s ideas with that of Darwin
Lamark
72
Proposed mechanism for Evolution. Realized offspring resemble parents, but are not identical (variation). Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836), finches Influenced by Malthus: An Essay on the Principle of Population, as It Affects the Future Improvement of Society Origin of Species, written in 1838, to publish after death. Published 20 yrs later after prompting from Wallace
Darwin
73
Evolution by Means of Natural Selection
what did Darwin think
74
Studied rare plants and animals in exotic places (Amazon, etc.) Came to similar conclusions as Darwin - read same Malthus essay Sent his work to Darwin for comment (1858) Presented jointly in front of Royal Academy (1859)
Wallace
75
population with variation in heritable traits plus selection pressure yields differential survival or differential reproduction yields accumulation of favorable traits in the population yields 1)
A simple model for selection
76
raw material, traits, select
mutation is the ___ that leads to new ___ that ___ can act upon
77
progressive, goal
evolution is not ___ and doesn't have a ___
78
produced modern species from ancestral species
descent with modification
79
- species change through time – species are related by common ancestry
Descent with modification makes two testable predictions about the nature of species
80
punctuated equilibrium = abrupt change gradual evolutionary change
types of change
81
Published work in 1865 “Rediscovered” about 30 years later Described recessive and dominant “factors” passed on to offspring Laws of segregation and independent assortment
mendel
82
Species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.
biological species concept
83
Species are single evolutionary lineages with unique tendencies and historical fates
Evolutionary Species Concept
84
Based on homology of traits – comparative morphology, gene sequences Should be thought of as a hypothesis
how are phylogenies made
85
common origin
what is a homology
86
same function, different origin, result of convergent evolution
what is an analogy
87
new analogous structures arise due to similar environmental conditions
what is convergent evolution
88
a new trait which appears and is later selected for leading to adaptation
pre adaptation
89
homology between successively repeated parts in the same organism. Examples: vertebrae, gill arches, muscle segments
serial homology
90
an actual tree - mammals at the top, then vertebrates, then invertebrates, then primitive animals
what is Haeckel's phylogeny
91
a primitive trait - one that is before other derived traits
what is a plesiomorphy
92
a derived trait
what is a synapomorphy
93
the principle that the simplest explanation for a phenomenon is the most likely to be true
what is a parsimony
94
everything in one branch
what is a monophyletic group
95
some from one branch, some from another branch
what is a polyphyletic group
96
some form one branch, but not all
what is a paraphyletic group
97
everyone apart of a branch,, including recent common ancestor
total group
98
living members of the total group and most recent common ancestor
crown group
99
paraphyletic group, primitive relatives of crown group, doesn't include most recent common ancestry to grown group
stem group
100
same
___ genes are present in embryo as in adult
101
expressed
some genes only ___ during development, laying down frame work of the adult body in the embryo
102
new traits
mutation results in
103
modification of existing genetic materials
what is a mutation
104
mutations
what is the source of variation
105
Deals with the development of an embryo from the fertilization of the ovum to the fetus stage
what is embryology
106
Deals with the origination and development of an organism, usually from the time of fertilization of the ovum to the organism's mature form. Can be used to refer to the study of the entirety of an organism's lifespan
what is ontogeny
107
Paleozoic - 541 mesozoic - 252 cenozoic - 66
eras form 541 million yrs ago and their year
108
cambrian Ordovician silurian devonian carboniferous permian
periods of Paleozoic
109
triassic jurassic cetaceous
periods of mesozoic
110
paleogene neogene
cenozoic

Comparative Anatomy 1 (6 decks)

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