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350 m2 > lecture 6 > Flashcards

lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Does sex have any correlation with self esteem?

A

Yes, sexual self esteem is related to overall self esteem

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2
Q

Key points in fertilization and implantation

A

Ovulation, Fertilization occurs 12-24 hours after ovulation
~You can get pregnant in larger window than 12-24 hours bc sperm lives longer (48 hours to 8 days)

Sperm follow the chemical signal of the egg
~Around one teaspoon of ejaculate is released (200 million-400 million sperm in teaspoon)
~Sperm swim 1-3 cm per hour
~Egg secretes chemical that attracts sperm

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3
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

thin gelatinous layer around egg that protects the egg

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4
Q

Hyaluronidase:

A

enzyme secreted by sperm that swarms the egg that helps to dissolve the zona pellucida

Permits one sperm to penetrate the egg

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5
Q

Capacitation

A

penetration of one sperm to egg
~Once one sperm penetrates the egg, the zona pellucida layer around egg hardens so no other sperm can come in

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6
Q

Implantation

A

fertilized egg (zygote) down fallopian tube towards the uterus for implantation (around 5 days)

Cell division takes place in 5 days

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7
Q

Obstacles to fertilization

A

Acidity of vagina: acidity of vagina
Some sperm are deformed
Sperm swimming against currents of fallopian tube
Sperm has to swim against the cilia
Some sperm swim up wrong fallopian tube

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8
Q

If Sperm passes by obstacle

A

Zygote is formed -fertilized egg

1)Travels down fallopian tube
2)Cell division begins ~36 hours after conception
4)Implantation occurs 5-7 days later in uterus
5)embryo 2-8 weeks
6)fetus: after 8 weeks

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9
Q

Improving chances of conception

A

Tracking ovulation by basal body temperature
~Basal body temp is slightly lower right before ovulation and slightly higher right after

Time intercourse right at ovulation or 1-2 days before

Maintain sperm count: have sperm ejaculate 2-3 times during week of ovulation
~Sperm count is lower if you have sex everyday
~If you wait between 2-3 days of having sex, sperm count is higher

Gravity

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10
Q

Presumptive signs of pregnancy

A

missed period, breast tenderness, nausea, more frequent urination, fatigue
Missed period +2 other symptoms= 67% probability of pregnancy

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11
Q

Probable signs:

A

80-95 % correct of pregnancy

HCG: released by placenta thats detected by at home pregnancy tests

Hegar’s sign: softening of lower uterus (around week 7)

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12
Q

Positive signs: def pregnant

A

Fetal heartbeat, fetal movement

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13
Q

Nagele’s rule (calculates due date):

A

Take first day of missed period subtract 3 months +1 week + 1 yr

due date is confirmed after 9 weeks from ultrasound

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14
Q

Emotional reactions to pregnancy
Positive emotions:

A

Hope to be a parent, excitement and anticipation
Characteristically optimistic adapt well
Sense of wonder
Pregnancy as transition into adulthood
Social support correlated with psychological and physical well being

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15
Q

Negative emotions

A

Fears, anxieties, concerns about pain of childbirth
Declining body image
Worry about health
Lack of an identity (besides being “pregnant person”)

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16
Q

Pregnancy during stressful events

A

Increased low birth

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17
Q

What changed for expectant mothers during COVID-19:

A

Boredom, lonely,
Change of birth plan
Decreased income, change of employment

rise in depression

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18
Q

Pregnant people who had covid:

A

Increase in placentia (placenta doesn’t grow normally)
Preterm birth/ still birth was more likely

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19
Q

Impact of maternal prenatal stress related to covid-19:

A

Similar to other stressful events
Stressful events are very negatively impactful to fetus born during covid-19

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20
Q

1st Trimester

A

first 12 weeks

Major organs of fetus already developing quickly
Most rapid fetal development

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21
Q

Physical changes in pregnant person:
1st trimester

A

Breast swelling
Frequent urination
Bowel irregularity: hormones have impact on digestion
Vaginal discharge
Nausea: related to higher HCG levels
Fatigue

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22
Q

Miscarriages

A

Preterm delivery

Estimated up to ½ of all fertilized eggs are lost before person knows they are pregnant

15-20% of people who know they are pregnant experience miscarriage

Most caused by chromosome problems in fetus (mainly genetic issue)

Other possible causes:
Hormones, drug use, serious disease in pregnant person (rare)

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23
Q

Risk of miscarriage increases with age

A

Beginning by 30, greater between 35-40 (geriatric pregnancy), highest after 40

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24
Q

Possible symptoms of miscarriage:

A

Low back or abdominal pain
Clot passes through vagina
Vaginal bleeding

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25
Q

Treatment of miscarriage

A

Important to be examined to ensure no tissue remaining in uterus

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26
Q

Prevention of miscarraige

A

Early prenatal care
Detect and treat illness
Avoid environmental hazards

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27
Q

Psychological effects of miscarriage

A

50% of pregnant people suffer elevated levels of anxiety, depression, and grief

Risk factors of psychological effects:
History of psychiatric illness
Childlessness (people who don’t have children already)
Lack of social support
Poor relationship adjustment
Prior pregnancy loss

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28
Q

2nd trimester=weeks 13-26

A

Chances of miscarriage decrease a lot

Physical changes in pregnant person
Decreased symptoms
Constipation,nosebleeds
Expanding belly
Fetal movements
Edema (water retention)
Breasts fully developed (colostrum)

Psychological changes in pregnant person:
Calm, well being, pride, excitement, maternal responsiveness

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29
Q

3rd trimester= weeks 27 to 38

A

Physical changes in pregnant person:

Uterus is large and hard

Symptoms from pressure on organs

Aware of fetal activity
~Kicking belly

Awkwardness
~Balance is affected
~Gaining of weight

Braxton-hicks contractions
~Uterus contracts to prepare for pregnancy

Engagement of head
~Pressure in pelvis, head moves to bottom of uterus

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30
Q

Psychological changes in pregnant person
3rd trim

A

Impatience, concern re: health of baby and delivery

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31
Q

How frequent to Braxton Hicks contractions get as you approach labor?

A

Varies person to person but usually lasts 30 seconds

Often changes with different positions

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32
Q

Impact of media portrayal of pregnancy

A

Increased display of pregnant bodies
positive regard and acceptance of pregnant belly

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33
Q

Negative impacts of media portrayal of pregancny

A

Celebrity portrayal is often unrealistic
Celebrity Weight Loss immediately after giving birth

34
Q

Attitudes towards pregnancy

A

Attitudes depend on context

35
Q

Michelle Hebl 2007: field study and survey study

A

2 conditions:
Pregnant vs non pregnant lady in store
~Pregnant lady experienced more positivity when looking for a gift in store

Pregnant vs. non pregnant lady applying for job
~Pregnant lady experiences more rudeness

36
Q

Attitude toward pregnant people

A

Some OLD studies show that visibly pregnant women are judged as being less committed to their jobs, less dependable, less authoritative, more emotional, and more irrational than otherwise equal, non pregnant female managers

37
Q

Maternal bias in the workplace (current knowledge, 2022)

A

A lot less Formal bias because of policies:
~Compensation (wage penalties)
~HR policies and procedures (hiring, advancement, promotion)

Interpersonal bias is definitely still present:
~Devaluation from colleagues
~Changes in relationships at work

internalized bias:
~maternal body(“there is no place for a pregnant body in workplace)
~role(a good mother priorities motherhood and not work)

38
Q

Policies:

A

The Canadian Human Rights Act (Canada; prohibits discrimination related to pregnancy)

The pregnancy discrimination ACT (USA)

39
Q

teen pregnancy

A

Views on teen pregnancy are more negative

Gaby rodriguez’s pregnancy project
Wore a fake pregnant belly to school
Experience malicious rumors

More discrimination for older women having babies too

40
Q

Teen pregnancy in Canada

A

Teen pregnancy rates and teen abortions decline 36.9% from 1996 to 2006

Was 44/1000 in 2007, 30/1000 in 2017

41
Q

why decline of teen pregnancy

A

People value career and traveling more now than in past

42
Q

Lowest rates of teen pregnancy (15-19 year olds)

A

In PEI (prince edward island) (23.4/1000) and NB (new brunswick) and NL(newfoundland) (26/1000)

43
Q

Highest rates of teen pregnancy

A

MB (manitoba) (53.4/1000), NT (northwest territories)(78.7/1000), and NU (Nunavut) (118.8/1000)

44
Q

Why are there differences in teen pregnancy rates?

A

Differences in education

45
Q

Prenatal Care

A

Medical
ultrasound

Nutrition
Vitamins, mineral, protein

Exercise
Really encourage to stay active

46
Q

Effects of drugs on fetus (teratogens)
alcohol

A

(leading causes of birth defects)

intellectual/behavioral problems

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder :
~Most serious case: Fetal alcohol syndrome (only 1%)
Post and prenatal growth issues
Smaller brains, smaller eyes, joint issues, etc…

No alcohol should be drank during pregnancy

47
Q

Smoking

A

~Slows fetal growth development
~Premature birth, low birth weight, increase of asthma
~11% of people smoke during pregnancy

48
Q

Marijuana

A

Leads to decreases fertility (recommended to not smoke when trying to conceive)

Prematurity, low birth weight

49
Q

Sex during pregnancy

A

Current medical advice: no medical evidence that sex is harmful to fetus at any point

Changes in sexual behavior :
Decline in sexual activity in 1st trimester
Increase in sexual activity in 2nd trimester
Decline in sexual activity in 3rd trimester

50
Q

What about postpartum sexual function

A

Pregnancy and postpartum are a vulnerable time for couples sexual lives

Changes to sexual function (desire,arousal, lubrication, pain) are common after having a baby

Dryness in vagina due to hormonal changes

Greater sexual distress, lower relationship satisfaction, and more depressive symptoms are more likely to experience persistent problems with postpartum sexual function

People mostly return to being satisfied with sexual lives between 3-6 months postpartum

51
Q

The father’s experience during pregnancy:
Couvade syndrome

A

some men experience physical symptoms of pregnancy while partner is pregnant

Indigestion, nausea

Hormonal changes in men with a pregnant partner

52
Q

Couvade ritual:

A

Male partner experiences his own labor while partner is going through labor

53
Q

Psychological changes for fathers in canada

A

Most fathers are expected to be involved
Many men experience increased maturity and meaning of life

54
Q

Beginning of labor

A

Mucous plug discharge: small amount of bloody mucus (plug in the cervix that prevents germs from passing from vagina into uterus is shed)

Ruptured membranes (water breaking): usually occurs later in labor and not as the first step

Increased Braxton-Hicks contractions

55
Q

First stage of labor

A

Effacement of cervix: thinning of cervix
~Regular contractions of uterus cause cervix to thin out and dilate

Dilation of cervix
~Must dilate to 10 cm/4 inches before baby can be born
~Can take variety of time (2 hours-24 hours or more)
~~Average is about 12-15 hours for first pregnancy, then 8 hours or less for future pregnancies

Contractions
~Uterine contractions becomes closer and closer in time and more intense
~When contractions are 4-5 mins apart you are ready to go to hospital

56
Q

Second stage of labor

A

Babies head moves to birth canal

Urge to push

Labor lasts a few mins to a few hours
~Usually much shorter than first stage

The uterus contracts down, pushing baby to birth canal

Crowning: top of head is visible

Episiotomy:incision is made to perineum to make larger entrance for babies to exit
~17% of women
~more recommended for tissues to naturally tear for better healing

57
Q

2nd stage of labor: Baby has first birth

A

Still connected by umbilical cord
Air in lungs
When baby can breathe on its own, umbilical cord is cut
Once baby is born, immediately place on mothers chest to promote parent-infant bonding
Promotes breast-feeding

58
Q

Third stage labor

A

Placenta detaches

Afterbirth expelled

Any other fluids secreted
If episiotomy occur, stitches are given

59
Q

Cesarean section (C-section)

A

C-section surgical procedure used for delivery
~Baby’s head too large
~Persons pelvis is too small
~Baby is breech or transverse(meaning feet first)
~Cervix is not dilating
~Person is nearing exhaustion
~Placenta previa: Placenta is attached to uterus and too close to cervix

60
Q

percentage of c sections in CA

A

About 31.7% of births in canada in 2022 (higher than other western countries)

61
Q
A

Vaginal birth is the most safest way

Rates of c-section are increasing bc More fetal monitoring during labor (more able to see if baby is in distress)

62
Q

Certain risks higher after c-section

A

Infection of bladder or uterus
Injury to uterus
Injury to baby

63
Q

C-section rates can be reduced when

A

hospital adopt appropriate precautions

64
Q

Trauma informed care?

A

We need to approach all people with informed consent during labor and delivery

Making individual feels empowered and safe

65
Q

Prepared childbirth

A

Education: to reduce fear of giving birth
Relaxation: during birth to reduce tension

Lamaze method (form of prepared childbirth)
~~Teaches relaxation, breathing exercises, reduces tension in body
~~Positive outlook on birth outlook, improves childbirth process

66
Q

Doula

A

Women present for emotional and physical support
Can’t perform medical procedures
Very supported by research literature

67
Q

Midwives

A

Very experienced in childbirth and labor
Stays with person throughout entire pregnancy
Give prenatal care
Can offer home or hospital birth

68
Q

Anesthetics

A

Painkillers
Epidural
Laughing gas

69
Q

Homebirth

A

Reserved for pregnant people who have low risk of complications
Rated more positive than hospital birth

70
Q

Myths about motherhood/parenthood

A

Motherhood is completely happy and satisfying

Being a mother is a woman’s ultimate fulfillment

New mothers will feel perfectly component due to her “natural” mothering skills

71
Q

The reality of parenthood
negative

A

Childcarae is exhausting
35% of babies in USA are born to unmarried women
Fathers usually help much less than expected
Post birth pain in uterus, vagina
New mothers feel incompetent
Expectations diff from reality
Little contact with other adults
Father may feel neglected by mother

72
Q

Positive factors of parenthood

A

Women report incerases sense of own strength

Parenting can be fun and interesting

Idneifitng and developing ability to nurture

73
Q

Role of partner

A

Excitement, pride
Role in pregnancy
Same concerns as person who gave birth

74
Q

Pronatalist view:

A

child bearing as socially desirable

75
Q

child free view

A

choose to without child

76
Q

Postpartum issues

A

Physical changes
~Drastic drop in levels of estrogen and progesterone

Psychological changes
~Baby blues (usually goes away after couple weeks), postpartum depression (clinical, 10-20%)

Attachment
~Some people don’t feel attached to baby right away
~Difficulty to feel attached to baby

Postpartum sexuality
~Cervix needs to recover
~Wait 6 weeks before sex
~Sex can hurt
~Less sex after giving birth

77
Q

Breast feeding

A

Colostrum(not milk) levels increase
Milk after 2-3 days of giving birth

Prolactin:levels stay constant as long as breastfeeding

Prolactin levels increase when baby wants to feed (feedback level)

Oxytocin
Bonding hormone in response to infant sucking on nipple

78
Q

Should people breast feed?

A

According to canadian guidelines its good to breastfeed for first 6 months
Mixed reviews, but just being fed is best

When people breastfeed, it takes much energy, so people tend to lose weight

79
Q

Infertility

A

Inability to conceive or inability to impregnate a person

Infertile means you have frequent unprotected sex for a year, and has not been successful

Getting pregnant success rates for fertile women
20% get pregnant after 1 month, 50% after 6 months, 80% after 1 year

Causes of infertility:
40% due to female, 40% due to male

80
Q

Solutions to infertility

A

Timing, frequency, and positions of intercourse
Fertility
Drugs
Assisted insemination
Sperm donor
In vitro fertilization
Surrogate mother/pregnancy

81
Q

Does female orgasm help with fertility (sucking up the sperm??)

A

Yes, With orgasm there’s more fluid, more retained semen

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