lecture 5 Flashcards
Rates of STI are
increasing
Why are STI rates increasing:
Better screening and more people getting tested/diagnosed
Decrease in condom use in vulnerable groups (ie drug use)
Most common STI’s among university students:
chlamydia, HPV, and herpes
percentage of STI in Canada
19% of women, 12% of men
2 Major categories
Bacterial, viral
Bacterial:
can be cured with antibiotics
Viral:
caused by virus that cant be cured
Chlamydia (bacterial)
Most prevalent bacterial STI in CA
Rates have been rising since 1997
SYMPTOMS:
PENIS: 50% asymptomatic, thin, clear discharge, mild discomfort on urination
diagnosis=urine sample
vaginas=75% asymptomatic, abnormal vaginal discharge, itching, burning, pain with urination
Diagnosis: urine sample or vaginal swab
Consequences of not treating chlamydia:
For vaginas:pelvic inflammatory disease (might infect the fallopian tubes)
Some might not know they have chlamydia until trying to get pregnant
For penis: epididymitis
Gonorrhea(bacterial)
Oldest of sexual diseases
Venereal disease(Greek Hypocrates thought to be bc of excessive indulgence of venus)
Rates are declining and less common
Caused by gonococcus bacteria
symptoms of gonnorhea
Penis: white pus like discharge from urethra
diagnosis=urine test
Vagina: usually no symptoms (bc its higher up in the reproductive tract so discharge might not come out)
~Pelvic inflammatory disease
~Diagnosis: urine test and pelvic exam
treatment of gonorrhea
Treatment: antibiotics
Consequences: can affect reproductive tract, in rare cases can infect bladder
Syphilis (bacterial)
Fairly uncommon now
2012=2003 new cases in Canada
2018=6311 new cases in Canada (slightly increasing)
Very serious :Can damage nervous system and even lead to death
Symptoms of syphillis
Chancre:ulcer like lesion resembling a crater where bacteria enters the body
~Chancre can be internal, on mouth, or hands
~Chancre is painless
~Shows up 3 weeks after exposure
4 stages of syphilis:
1)primary stage: chancre appear but naturally go away
2)secondary stage:body rash develops
Varies in appearance, doesnt itch or hurt
Some people experience hair loss
Rash goes away after few weeks
3)latent syphilis: no symptoms, but bacteria is burrowing into body (bloodstream, bone tissues)
Disease is not infectious at latent stage
If pregnant, can be passed onto baby
50% of people continue life at this stage
4)late syphilis: serious effects due to bacteria burrowing in body
Major effects on cardiovascular
Neurosyphilis: attack on brain and spinal cord-> paralysis
can onset 10-40 years after
Congenital syphilis
syphilis passed onto baby
Can also lead to complications where baby experiences symptoms 10-20 yrs later
Diagnosis for syphillis
Difficult to diagnose
Genital or pelvic exam, full body exam, blood tests
treatment for syphillis
penicillin
HPV(viral)
Human papillomavirus
Around 75% of sexually active canadian will have one kind of HPV in lifetime
Highest rate between age 15-24
More than 40 diff types that cause genital warts and cancer
Type 6 and 11 cause genital warts
HPV can also cause cancer in throat and mouth, cervical or anal cancer
Non-reportable (physicians don’t need to send in report when someone is diagnosed), so no national Canadian data
Can clear up on its own after 1-2 years, but there’s so many strains that you can clear one, but easily get another strain
Symptoms HPV
90% asymptomatic
Very rare genital warts appearing on genitals
Diagnosis of HPV
inspection of warts
Treatment of HPV
creams, freezing
Can you get warts in your mouth from HPV?:
yes, can be transmitted from kissing or oral (not common, usually occurs in someone thats immunosuppressed)
vaccine for HPV
Gardasil:Protects against 9 types of HPV
approved for young girls
Herpes (viral)
Herpes simplex virus
HSV-1 and HSV-2 (both cause blisters)
Used to think HSV-1 was oral type that causes cold sores
Used to think HSV-2 associated with genital herpes
Now we know both types 1 or 2 can causes either oral or genital herpes
16% of women, 11% of men
Non reportable, so no national canadian data
Symptoms of herpes
Small painful blisters on the genitals
Most painful during first outbreak
Usually disappears after 3 weeks
Some people have one outbreak and never again, others have recurring outbreaks
Outbreaks can be unpredictable for some people, and some get them when they’re stressed/don’t sleep
Most contagious during an active outbreak
~Blisters can burst
~Can also be contagious without an outbreak
Treatment for herpes
No cure
Drugs like Valtrex can reduce frequency of outbreaks and make transmission less likely
Psychological impact of herpes
Range of responses
STI-related stigma: awareness that people are judged negatively for having STI
STI-related shame: neg feelings people have of themselves for having sti diagnosis
Better outcomes for those who have fewer outbreaks
Foster and Byres:
People with more self stigma and self-blame associated with poorer outcomes
Most people adjust fine:
Just because you are diagnosed with STI you are not doomed, you can still have a successful sex life and positive well being
HIV AND AIDS(viral)
Origin:
HIV came from primates in Africa around 1910 and passed onto humans when people were cutting up primates for meat and human accidentally cut themselves and transferred into their bloodstream
Dont know for sure when it came from
1981-first identified in USA
1982- first case in Canada
1984-HIV was identified as the cause of AIDS-acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Currently-a global pandemic (widespread around the world)
Only 46% have access to treatment
People don’t know they’re infected unless serious symptoms occur
71,000 people in CA with AIDS
Around 22,000 new cases per year in CA
72% of new cases occur in sub saharan Africa
25.5 million cases in sub-saharan africa
2 strains of HIV that can cause AIDS
HIV-1 : exclusive in N. America
HIV-2: exclusive in Africa
HIV strains attacks the immune system causing the person to be vulnerable and die from other diseases that immune system cant fight off
Transmission of HIV/AIDS
Exchange of bodily fluids (semen, vaginal secretions, blood, breast milk)
In CA new cases in the following groups:
Men who have sex with men (54%)
Heterosexuals who have sex with infected person (19%)
Heterosexuals who came from AIDS epidemic (14%)
People who inject drugs (13%)
Highest risk behaviors for HIV
Anal intercourse
~Can cause microtears which allows virus to go in
Vaginal intercourse
4 stages of HIV infection
1)primary/acute infection: 2-4 weeks after exposure, nonspecific symptoms or no symptoms
2)chronic asymptoamtic infection- virus replication;nonsepcific symptoms or no symptoms
3)chronic symptomatic HIV infection- virus has reduced T4 cells, body is not able to fight off infections; non-specific symptoms
4)AIDS-defining conditions- life threatening opportunistic infections take over (pneumonia, Kaposi’s sarcoma)
Diagnosis HIV:
-blood test
ELISA
Western blot
Rapid 60 second test
Home test kit
Treatment of HIV/AIDS
No cure
HAART:highly active antiretroviral therapy
~Concoction of antiviral drugs that suppresses the virus
~Issue: a lot of side effects
Psychological impact of HIV/AIDS
Socially stigmatized disease
Depression
Impact on sexual life
Fear spreading virus
Current findings for HIV/AIDS
Challenges in developing vaccine
Pre Exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
~~Giving unaffected person antiviral drug to stop virus from entering body
Genetic resistance
~~Some mutation where people dont get HIV
Trichomoniasis (parasite)
“trich”
Caused by trichomonas vaginalis
Can survive on surfaces such as toilet seats
Symptoms of trich
Vaginas: vaginal discharge
Penises: irritation of the urethra, discharge
Often asymptomatic for both genders
Diagnosis of trich
Urine sample or sample of vaginal fluid
treatment of trich
Oral dose of medication: Metronidazole or tinidazole
Pubic lice
“Crabs”
Attach to hair and feed on blood
Live for 30 days on body and die 24 hours without host (need blood)
Transmitted sexually but also from bedsheets, towels
Symptoms of pubic lice
Intense itching
Diagnosis of pubic lice
Find lice and eggs attached to hair
Treatment for pubic lice
Nix, Rid
Reportable STIs (physician needs to report and need to tell others you have it)
in canada:
Syphilis
Gonorrhea
Chlamydia
HIV
HPV and herpes are non reportable
HPV and herpes are incurable and dont have serious consequences
Prevention from STI
Latex condoms
Dental dams
Washing genitals before sexual activity
Urinating before and after
