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350 m2 > lecture 5 > Flashcards

lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Rates of STI are

A

increasing

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2
Q

Why are STI rates increasing:

A

Better screening and more people getting tested/diagnosed

Decrease in condom use in vulnerable groups (ie drug use)

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3
Q

Most common STI’s among university students:

A

chlamydia, HPV, and herpes

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4
Q

percentage of STI in Canada

A

19% of women, 12% of men

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5
Q

2 Major categories

A

Bacterial, viral

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6
Q

Bacterial:

A

can be cured with antibiotics

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7
Q

Viral:

A

caused by virus that cant be cured

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8
Q

Chlamydia (bacterial)

A

Most prevalent bacterial STI in CA

Rates have been rising since 1997

SYMPTOMS:
PENIS: 50% asymptomatic, thin, clear discharge, mild discomfort on urination
diagnosis=urine sample

vaginas=75% asymptomatic, abnormal vaginal discharge, itching, burning, pain with urination
Diagnosis: urine sample or vaginal swab

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9
Q

Consequences of not treating chlamydia:

A

For vaginas:pelvic inflammatory disease (might infect the fallopian tubes)
Some might not know they have chlamydia until trying to get pregnant

For penis: epididymitis

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10
Q

Gonorrhea(bacterial)

A

Oldest of sexual diseases

Venereal disease(Greek Hypocrates thought to be bc of excessive indulgence of venus)

Rates are declining and less common

Caused by gonococcus bacteria

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11
Q

symptoms of gonnorhea

A

Penis: white pus like discharge from urethra
diagnosis=urine test

Vagina: usually no symptoms (bc its higher up in the reproductive tract so discharge might not come out)
~Pelvic inflammatory disease
~Diagnosis: urine test and pelvic exam

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12
Q

treatment of gonorrhea

A

Treatment: antibiotics
Consequences: can affect reproductive tract, in rare cases can infect bladder

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13
Q

Syphilis (bacterial)

A

Fairly uncommon now
2012=2003 new cases in Canada
2018=6311 new cases in Canada (slightly increasing)

Very serious :Can damage nervous system and even lead to death

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14
Q

Symptoms of syphillis

A

Chancre:ulcer like lesion resembling a crater where bacteria enters the body
~Chancre can be internal, on mouth, or hands
~Chancre is painless
~Shows up 3 weeks after exposure

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15
Q

4 stages of syphilis:

A

1)primary stage: chancre appear but naturally go away

2)secondary stage:body rash develops
Varies in appearance, doesnt itch or hurt
Some people experience hair loss
Rash goes away after few weeks

3)latent syphilis: no symptoms, but bacteria is burrowing into body (bloodstream, bone tissues)
Disease is not infectious at latent stage
If pregnant, can be passed onto baby
50% of people continue life at this stage

4)late syphilis: serious effects due to bacteria burrowing in body
Major effects on cardiovascular
Neurosyphilis: attack on brain and spinal cord-> paralysis
can onset 10-40 years after

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16
Q

Congenital syphilis

A

syphilis passed onto baby

Can also lead to complications where baby experiences symptoms 10-20 yrs later

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17
Q

Diagnosis for syphillis

A

Difficult to diagnose
Genital or pelvic exam, full body exam, blood tests

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18
Q

treatment for syphillis

A

penicillin

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19
Q

HPV(viral)

A

Human papillomavirus

Around 75% of sexually active canadian will have one kind of HPV in lifetime

Highest rate between age 15-24

More than 40 diff types that cause genital warts and cancer

Type 6 and 11 cause genital warts

HPV can also cause cancer in throat and mouth, cervical or anal cancer

Non-reportable (physicians don’t need to send in report when someone is diagnosed), so no national Canadian data

Can clear up on its own after 1-2 years, but there’s so many strains that you can clear one, but easily get another strain

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20
Q

Symptoms HPV

A

90% asymptomatic
Very rare genital warts appearing on genitals

21
Q

Diagnosis of HPV

A

inspection of warts

22
Q

Treatment of HPV

A

creams, freezing

23
Q

Can you get warts in your mouth from HPV?:

A

yes, can be transmitted from kissing or oral (not common, usually occurs in someone thats immunosuppressed)

24
Q

vaccine for HPV

A

Gardasil:Protects against 9 types of HPV
approved for young girls

25
Q

Herpes (viral)

A

Herpes simplex virus

HSV-1 and HSV-2 (both cause blisters)

Used to think HSV-1 was oral type that causes cold sores

Used to think HSV-2 associated with genital herpes

Now we know both types 1 or 2 can causes either oral or genital herpes

16% of women, 11% of men

Non reportable, so no national canadian data

26
Q

Symptoms of herpes

A

Small painful blisters on the genitals

Most painful during first outbreak

Usually disappears after 3 weeks

Some people have one outbreak and never again, others have recurring outbreaks

Outbreaks can be unpredictable for some people, and some get them when they’re stressed/don’t sleep

Most contagious during an active outbreak
~Blisters can burst
~Can also be contagious without an outbreak

27
Q

Treatment for herpes

A

No cure

Drugs like Valtrex can reduce frequency of outbreaks and make transmission less likely

28
Q

Psychological impact of herpes

A

Range of responses

STI-related stigma: awareness that people are judged negatively for having STI

STI-related shame: neg feelings people have of themselves for having sti diagnosis

Better outcomes for those who have fewer outbreaks

29
Q

Foster and Byres:

A

People with more self stigma and self-blame associated with poorer outcomes

Most people adjust fine:
Just because you are diagnosed with STI you are not doomed, you can still have a successful sex life and positive well being

30
Q

HIV AND AIDS(viral)

A

Origin:
HIV came from primates in Africa around 1910 and passed onto humans when people were cutting up primates for meat and human accidentally cut themselves and transferred into their bloodstream

Dont know for sure when it came from

1981-first identified in USA
1982- first case in Canada
1984-HIV was identified as the cause of AIDS-acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Currently-a global pandemic (widespread around the world)

Only 46% have access to treatment

People don’t know they’re infected unless serious symptoms occur

71,000 people in CA with AIDS

Around 22,000 new cases per year in CA

72% of new cases occur in sub saharan Africa

25.5 million cases in sub-saharan africa

31
Q

2 strains of HIV that can cause AIDS

A

HIV-1 : exclusive in N. America
HIV-2: exclusive in Africa

HIV strains attacks the immune system causing the person to be vulnerable and die from other diseases that immune system cant fight off

32
Q

Transmission of HIV/AIDS

A

Exchange of bodily fluids (semen, vaginal secretions, blood, breast milk)

In CA new cases in the following groups:
Men who have sex with men (54%)
Heterosexuals who have sex with infected person (19%)
Heterosexuals who came from AIDS epidemic (14%)
People who inject drugs (13%)

33
Q

Highest risk behaviors for HIV

A

Anal intercourse
~Can cause microtears which allows virus to go in

Vaginal intercourse

34
Q

4 stages of HIV infection

A

1)primary/acute infection: 2-4 weeks after exposure, nonspecific symptoms or no symptoms

2)chronic asymptoamtic infection- virus replication;nonsepcific symptoms or no symptoms

3)chronic symptomatic HIV infection- virus has reduced T4 cells, body is not able to fight off infections; non-specific symptoms

4)AIDS-defining conditions- life threatening opportunistic infections take over (pneumonia, Kaposi’s sarcoma)

35
Q

Diagnosis HIV:

A

-blood test
ELISA
Western blot
Rapid 60 second test
Home test kit

36
Q

Treatment of HIV/AIDS

A

No cure

HAART:highly active antiretroviral therapy
~Concoction of antiviral drugs that suppresses the virus
~Issue: a lot of side effects

37
Q

Psychological impact of HIV/AIDS

A

Socially stigmatized disease
Depression
Impact on sexual life
Fear spreading virus

38
Q

Current findings for HIV/AIDS

A

Challenges in developing vaccine

Pre Exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
~~Giving unaffected person antiviral drug to stop virus from entering body

Genetic resistance
~~Some mutation where people dont get HIV

39
Q

Trichomoniasis (parasite)

A

“trich”
Caused by trichomonas vaginalis
Can survive on surfaces such as toilet seats

40
Q

Symptoms of trich

A

Vaginas: vaginal discharge
Penises: irritation of the urethra, discharge
Often asymptomatic for both genders

41
Q

Diagnosis of trich

A

Urine sample or sample of vaginal fluid

42
Q

treatment of trich

A

Oral dose of medication: Metronidazole or tinidazole

43
Q

Pubic lice

A

“Crabs”
Attach to hair and feed on blood
Live for 30 days on body and die 24 hours without host (need blood)
Transmitted sexually but also from bedsheets, towels

44
Q

Symptoms of pubic lice

A

Intense itching

45
Q

Diagnosis of pubic lice

A

Find lice and eggs attached to hair

46
Q

Treatment for pubic lice

A

Nix, Rid

47
Q

Reportable STIs (physician needs to report and need to tell others you have it)

A

in canada:
Syphilis
Gonorrhea
Chlamydia
HIV

48
Q

HPV and herpes are non reportable

A

HPV and herpes are incurable and dont have serious consequences

49
Q

Prevention from STI

A

Latex condoms
Dental dams
Washing genitals before sexual activity
Urinating before and after

350 m2 (5 decks)

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