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Toxicology Exam > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

formula for alcohol

A

CH3-CH2-OH

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2
Q

ethanol is a _____ alcohol

A

primary

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3
Q

does alcohol have lower or higher boiling point than water

A

lower

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4
Q

true or false

ethanol can penetrate the placenta but not the brain

A

false - can penetrate both

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5
Q

true or false

ethanol is both water and lipid soluble

A

TRUE

allows it to be absorbed easily

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6
Q

_____% of alcohol in the blood is metabolized in the liver

A

90%

other 10% is through lungs and urine

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7
Q

how long does it take the liver to metabolize 1 unit of alcohol

explain what this means

A

1 hour

thus, if alcohol is consumed faster than the liver can break it down, the blood alcohol concentration will rise

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8
Q

where is ADH vs ALDH located

A

ADH - cytosol (alcohol dehydrogenase)

ALDH - mitochondria (aldehyde dehydrogenase)

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9
Q

what is the main toxic part of alcohol

A

acetaldehyde

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10
Q

final product of alcohol metabolism

A

acetate

CH3CHOOH

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11
Q

what happens to the acetate from alcohol metabolism

A

it gets converted to acetyl coA and enters the krebs cycle!!!

this produces energy!!

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12
Q

acetate (the product of alcohol) is converted to acetyl co A which enters the krebs cycle to produce energy

name the specific amount of energy

A

1 gram of ethanol produces 7 kcal of energy**

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13
Q

_-g of ethanol per day would provide sufficient energy for basic metabolic needs

A

240g

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14
Q

what cofactor is involved with both steps if alcohol metabolism

A

NAD reduced to NADH in both steps

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15
Q

what gene is inactive in 50% of asians (related to alcohol metabolism)

A

ALDH (aldehyde dehydrogenase)

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16
Q

BAC meaning

A

blood alcohol concentration

17
Q

the alcohol-induced US death rate is greater than….

A

100,000

18
Q

at HIGH DOSES, ethanol is considered a…

A

CNS depressant

19
Q

3 mechanisms of alcohol toxicity

A
  1. affects the cell membrane
  2. increases ROS causing injury
  3. forms conjugates with fatty acids in organs like the heart brain and liver, which alters the membranes bc of high lipophilcity
20
Q

how does alcohol vs acetaldehyde produce toxicity

A

alcohol - increases LPS in the gut causing inflammation

acetaldehyde - decreases GSH causing oxidative stress

21
Q

CNS depressant affects neurotransmitters in the brain

dopamine concentration is _____

serotonin neurotransmission is _____

A

dopamine concentration is increased

serotonin neurotransmission is decreased

22
Q

CNS depressants ___ glutamate receptor function

A

inhibit

23
Q

CNS depressants _______ GABA receptor function

A

POTENTIATE

24
Q

CNS depressants _______ opiate neuropeptide release

A

stimulate

25
Q

alcohol decreases serotonin neurotransmission
what does this mean

A

it is supposed to regulate behavior - thus increases impulsivity and aggressiveness

26
Q

___ and ____ are natural neural peptides that bind opiate receptors and produce euphoric effects

A

endorphins and enkephalins

27
Q

at very high doses, what ais a major concern of alcohol toxicitiy

A

decrease myocardial contractility, resp depression and coma

28
Q

ethanol levels above ____% can cause death from respiratory paralysis

A

0.45%

29
Q

death usually occurs from ethanol if the concentration in the bloodstream exceeds ____

A

5%

30
Q

____ is an opioid receptor antagonist

A

naltrexone

also nalmefefe

31
Q

define tolerance

A

a higher dose is required to produce the same effect

functional tolerance - bc of changes in GABA receptors

32
Q

withdrawal vs dependence

A

withdrawal - behaviors like sleep disruption

dependence - compulsive desire to avoid withdrawal

33
Q

explain the metabolism of METHANOL

A

metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase to FORMALDEHYDE and then to FORMIC ACID

both cause toxicity (formic acid is more)

34
Q

antidote for methanol toxicity

A

fomepizole

an ethanol and ADH inhibitor

35
Q

which has a higher affinity for ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase) — ethanol or methanol?

A

ethanol has 10-20x higher affinity

36
Q

explain metabolism of isopropanol

A

forms acetone - same toxicity as ethanol, but isopropanol is twice as toxic at the same blood levels

37
Q

drinking greater than ____ of formaldehyde results in death

A

30mL

38
Q
A

Toxicology Exam (5 decks)

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