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Toxicology Exam > Lecture 3-4 Part 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 3-4 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

true or false

it is possible for chronic toxic effects to occur some time even after the exposure has stopped

A

true

as in the case of asbestos or cigarettes

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2
Q

give an example of something that as a high acute toxicity, yet is a benefit in small doses

A

vitamin D

oral LD50 is 10mg/kg

we each require a very small amount (10 micrograms/400IU per day) for good health

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3
Q

toxic effects can range from ____ to ____

A

mild allergic reactions to death

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4
Q

explain what threshold level is

A

the maximum dose where there are no effects

basically how much the body can tolerate without experiencing any toxic effects (when the defense system gets saturated)

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5
Q

how to quantify a toxic response

A

the dose response curve

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6
Q

most tolerant route of exposure

A

the skin

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7
Q

most popular route of exposure

A

ingestion

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8
Q

quickest and most direct route of exposure

A

inhalation

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9
Q

what is TD

A

dose that results in adverse toxic effect - OTHER THAN DEATH

if it was death it would be LD

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10
Q

0 + 2 = >2

what is this and give example

A

potentiation

isopropanol + carbon tetrachloride

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11
Q

2 + 2 = 4

what is this and give example

A

additive

ethanol + sedative-hypnotics

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12
Q

2 + 2 >4

what is this and give example

A

synergistic

ethanol + antihistamine

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13
Q

2+2 = 0

what is this and give example

A

antagonism

can be functional, chemical, dispositional, or receptor antagonism

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14
Q

ex of functional antagonism

A

stimulants + depressants

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15
Q

ex of chemical antagonism

A

metal + chelators

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16
Q

ex of receptor antagonism

A

tamoxifen + estrogen - compete for same receptor

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17
Q

ex of dispositional antagonism

A

activated charcoal + phenobarbital

absorbs the toxins

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18
Q

true or false

ADME is part of toxicodynamics

A

FALSE - toxicokinetics

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19
Q

toxicokinetics or dynamics:

relationship between the external exposure and the dose delivered to the target organ

A

toxicokinetics

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20
Q

explain toxicodynamics

A

bioochemical response at the target site

(could be a lot of things - cell death, DNA dduct formation, etc)

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21
Q

following absorption from any route of administration, what happens to the toxin next

A

it enters circulation either directly or indirectly

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22
Q

what is BED

A

biologically effective dose (target organ dose)

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23
Q

what is an idiosyncratic reaction

A

individual hypersensitivity

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24
Q

toxicokinetics is the study of ___ in ____

A

drug disposition in the physiological compartment

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25
"biotranslocation: is another word for
distribution
26
toxicity is determined by ____
accumulation of the compound in physiological compartments
27
how is a normal dosing schedule determined
by the chemical's half life
28
the accumulation of the compound is determined by what 2 things
the physiologic compartment and the chemical structure
29
define absorption
process by which toxicants cross the body membranes and enter the bloodstrema
30
4 things that can help absorption across the cell membrane
diffusion barrier ion channels pores transport
31
2 general transport mechanisms
passive transport specialized (active) transport
32
4 factors affecting membrane transport
molecular weight/shape charge lipid solubility membrane composition and thickcness
33
3 main sites of absorption
GI tract lungs skin
34
acidic compartment traps ___ drugs and basic compartment traps ___ drugs
acidic compartment traps basic drugs and basic compartment traps acidic drugs
35
the absorption of most drugs is better and more predictable when administered when?
in a fasted state and with a large volume of water however, drugs that irritate the GI tract should be given with food
36
what can increase the dissolution of basic drugs in the GI tract
the presence of food -- because it causes HCl secretion
37
what can increase the absorption of lipid soluble drugs in the GI tract
stimulation of bile flow
38
define first pass effect
removal of orally administered chemicals before they reach systemic circulation
39
generally, orally administered drugs undergo absorption in the ______ and are transported where
duodenum and transported to the hepatic portal vein by mesenteric vessels before entering systemic circulation
40
3 ways that 1st pass effects can be avoided
giving diff route give larger dose give a form of the drug that absorbs more rapidly
41
first pass effect is important consideration for drugs that have a high ___--
extraction ratio (the fraction of oral drug reaching systemic circulation)
42
true or false the lungs cannot absorb a large amount of toxic substances
FALSE they can - have a very large surface area and a lot of blood flow
43
______ soluble gasses will be readily dissolved in the upper respiratory tract
water soluble bc the upper respiratory tract contains moisture
44
name 2 highly water soluble gasses that will readily dissolve in the upper respiratory tract
ammonia and formaldehyde
45
true or false some toxic substances can cause harm without being absorbed
true
46
true or false pulmonary absorption AVOIDS 1st pass effects
true
47
there is equilibrium between ___ and ____
blood and tissues
48
what is a chemical's "plasma half life"
time taken for the concentration of the compound in the plasma to decrease by half from a given point
49
what is the most important vehicle for distribution to the body tissues
THE BLOOD
50
when the substance is distributed throughout the body, it can be ___, ____, or ____
stored, eliminated, or biotransformed (metabolized)
51
2 determining factors of toxin distribution
blood flow affinity for a organ/tissue
52
name 2 things that deposit in bone
tetracyclines and heavy metals also fluoride and lead
53
how does the placenta barrier protect the fetus against toxic chemicals from the mother
it has the capability to metabolize
54
3 routes of excretion
urinary fecal exhalation
55
1st, 2nd, and 3rd most important organs for excretion
kidney, feces, lungs
56
define extraction
the removal of drug from the blood by an organ
57
ER (extraction ratio) formula
ER = (Ca-Cv)/Ca Ca = arterial drug concentration Cv = venous blood concentration aka clearance by the organ/blood flow to the organ
58
when the ER (extraction ratio) approaches 1, what does this mean
the clearance by the organ HIGHLY DEPENDS ON BLOOD FLOW. drug is being removed from the blood almost as rapidly as the organ is being perfused by the blood that contains the drug FLOW DEPENDENT DRUG METABOLISM
59
if the ER (extraction ratio) is very low, what does this mean
clearance of the drug by the organ is INDEPENDENT of blood flow more affected by the activity of metabolizing enzymesd
60
drugs with a low ER are eliminated primarily by ______
metabolism
61
3 specific roles of the kidneys
filter the blood reabsorb any useful material actively secrete things things filtered/secreted become part of urine
62
bases are excreted better at higher or lower urinary pH?
higher
63
acids are excreted better at higher or lower urinary p
lower
64
enterohepatic circulation
circulation of substances absorbed from the intestine and carried to the liver at the liver, they are again excreted into the bile and enter the intestine again
65
fecal excretion is through the ______
bile
66
the rate of PULMONARY elimination is inversely proportional to.....
the blood solubility of the compound the higher the blood solubility, the slower the rate of pulmonary elimination
67
what is KOW
the octanol-water partition coefficient
68

Toxicology Exam (5 decks)

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