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Toxicology Exam > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

2 principles of toxicology

A

dose-response relationship

toxin has to interact with its molecular target in order to be toxic

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2
Q

conc of oxygen/nitrogen in atmosphere

A

oxygen - 21%
nitrogen - 78%

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3
Q

explain the dose-response concept

A

the magnitude of the toxic effect is a function of the concentration of the molecular targets that have been altered – which is related to concentration of the toxin at the site where the molecular targets are located

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4
Q

what is the 1st principle of toxicology

A

the dose response concept

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5
Q

“the total amount of material to which an organism is exposed”

A

dose

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6
Q

“the amount of material penetrating into the organism through the route of exposure”

A

absorbed dose
(internal dose)

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7
Q

define target organ dose and what is another name for it

A

amount of material received at the organ/tissue exhibiting a toxic effect

aka biologicall effevtive dose

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8
Q

molecular target of carbon monoxide?
target ORGAN?

A

molecular - hemoglobin

target organ = vasculatre

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9
Q

“received at”

A

target organ dose

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10
Q

“penetrating into”

A

absorbed dose

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11
Q

“total amount”

A

dose

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12
Q

define median lethal dose (LD50)

A

dose that causes death in 50% of the animals tested

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13
Q

define median effective dose (ED50)

A

dose that causes the desired effect in 50% of the animals tested

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14
Q

define TI

A

therapeutic index - indication of drug safety

LD50/ED50

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15
Q

true or false

high ED50 means high TI

A

FALSE

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16
Q

do we want the TI to be high or low

A

HIGH

means the lethal dose is high and effective dose is smol

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17
Q

margin of safety

A

LD1/ED99

18
Q

the 2nd principle of toxicology is the ___ ___ concept

A

molecular target

the chemical has to interact with its molecular target within the living organism

19
Q

what is the molecular target of SARS COV2

A

the spike protein ACE2 on human cells

20
Q

what is the pre requisite for adverse effects

A

exposure

21
Q

define exposure

A

the contact between a toxic agent and the living organism

22
Q

3 major routes of toxic agents exposure to the body

A

GI tract
lungs
skin

23
Q

acute vs subacute vs subchronic vs chronic exposure

A

acute - exposure for less than 24 hours

subacute - exposure for 1 day-1 month

subchronic - exposure from 1 month - 3 months

chronic - exposure for MORE THAN 3 MONTHS

24
Q

differentiate between elemental mercury (like in a thermometer) vs organic mercury (like in fish)

A

organic mercury is more toxic. when elemental mercury gets into bodies of water it’s converted into METHYLMERCURY – if we eat or ingest via any route, it’s neurotoxic

25
Q

most popular route of exposure

A

oral

26
Q

how many layers of barriers are there for oral ingestion (layers in GI)

A

3

epithelium, MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue), lumen

27
Q

3 mechanical tasks of the stomach

A

store, digest, empty

28
Q

name 2 factors that will alter gastric emptying time

A

food and pH changes

29
Q

the gas exchange that takes place in the alveoli is driven by what?

A

concentration gradient

30
Q

a particle size diameter of ___ and above will be removed by the upper respiratory tract

A

2 micrometers and greater

31
Q

issue with PM 2.5 micrometers

A

so small that it can get into the alveoli

32
Q

skin, lungs, and ingestion are the most common routes of exposure

which is the quickest and why

A

inhalation

only has 2 layers - epithelium type 1 and 2 and endothelial cells

33
Q

true or false

the inhalation route of exposure has a large surface area

A

true

34
Q

approximate total surface area of the alveoli

A

100 square meters
(1 tennis court)

35
Q

what is the quickest and most direct route of exposure

A

inhalation

36
Q

what weather increases absorption through the skin

A

hot weather

37
Q

which has a larger surface area - the skin or the alveoli

A

the alveoli!! (~100 square meters, only 1.5-2 square meters for skin)

38
Q

the skin tolerates ____ —_____ times the exposure limit compared to ingestion or inhalation

A

100-1000

39
Q

true or false

the skin is an excellent barrier

(any exceptions)

A

true

exceptions are acids, phenols, and lipophilic cimpounds like carbon tetrachloride

40
Q
A

Toxicology Exam (5 decks)

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