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Research > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Which test compares 2 means and only has 1 IV?

A

t-test

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2
Q

Which test compares 3+ means and can be used when you have manipulated more than one IV?

A

ANOVA or “factorial!”

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3
Q

When I use a lot of t-tests to compare several means, this inflates the ______

A

alpha
OR
Type 1 Error Rate

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4
Q

What is another name for ANOVA test?

A

Omnibus test

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5
Q

What does ANOVA do?

A
  • tests for overall difference
  • tells us that means are different
  • doesn’t tell us exactly which means differ
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6
Q

What is an “overall test” that tests a number of different comparisons at once?

A

Omnibus

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7
Q

What question does ANOVA test?

A

Is there a difference somewhere?

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8
Q

What is the SS?

A

sum of squares or total amount of variance

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9
Q

What is the MS equation?

A

MS = Mean Square
MS = SS/df

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10
Q

F = ?

A

MS (between) / MS (within)

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11
Q

Why do we use follow-up tests?

A

Omnibus tells us that there IS a difference among the means, not WHERE

Follow up tests tell us WHERE the group differences lie

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12
Q

What is a planned contrast (follow up) test?

A
  • Has statistical advantage
  • Type of contrasts are limited
  • Needs to be planned a priori
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13
Q

What is a post hoc comparison (follow up) test?

A
  • MOST common
  • not planned
  • compares ALL pairs of means
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14
Q

What is a pairwise test?

A

Typically after global test & implies ONLY 2 means

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15
Q

What is simple effects?

A

run this after global test & significant interaction

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16
Q

Which tests can we use if there are only (1) small deviations from normality, (2) sample sizes in each cell are equal, and (3) variances are homogenous?

A

Bonferroni & Tukey

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17
Q

Which tests are conservative and controls for type 1 error?

A

Bonferroni & Tukey

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18
Q

Bonferroni has more power than Tukey if ______

A

number of comparisons are small

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19
Q

Tukey has more power than Bonferroni if _____

A

the number of comparisons are large

and more power than Dunn and Scheffe

20
Q

Which test do you use if variances are not homogenous?

A

Games-Howell

21
Q

What is the Games-Howell?

A

Powerful but can be liberal when sample sizes are small. Accurate with unequal sample sizes

22
Q

What is the Kruskal-Wallis Test?

A

The non-parametric equivalent to an independent one-way ANOVA

  • select if your data doesn’t meet assumptions
  • Mann-Whitney U tests
23
Q

What is the HOV assumption equivalent in ANOVA called?

A

Sphericity

24
Q

What is the sphericity assumption?

A

The variances of the differences between all possible pairs of groups are equal

25
Q

What is the test for sphericity called?

A

Mauchley’s test

26
Q

When you have F(2,10) = 12.5,

what does the 1st number mean?

what does the 2nd number mean?

A

1st number: # of groups

2nd number: # of participants per group

27
Q

What is Friedman’s ANOVA?

A

non-parametric equivalent of RM - one-way ANOVA

28
Q

What is the difference between a two-way independent ANOVA vs. a factorial ANOVA analysis?

A

2-way independent ANOVA has 2 IV’s

factorial ANOVA has 1 IV

29
Q

What does “interaction” look for?

A

Interesting relationships between the independent variables

30
Q

T/F: If the interaction is significant, don’t worry about the main effects.

A

True

31
Q

If the interaction lines are parallel, is it significant?

A

No

32
Q

When the interaction is significant, you can run ___ ____

A

simple effects

33
Q

If main effect(s) is significant and interaction is NOT significant, you should run ________

A

Follow-up main effect pairwise comparisons & report. Adjust alpha level!

Note: if only 2 levels for main effect, no follow-up testing needed

34
Q

If main effect(s) is significant AND interaction is significant, you should run _____

A

Simple effects and “forget about” main effects. Adjust alpha level!

35
Q

When do you run simple effects?

A

If you have a significant interaction!

36
Q

If I am studying self-perceived preparedness in Dental students. I have 3 independent variables and 1 dependent variable. What type of test should I run?

A

Split/Mixed 3-way Factorial ANOVA

37
Q

If I am studying self-perceived preparedness in Dental students. I have 3 independent variables and 1 dependent variable.

How many main effects? How many 2-way interactions? How many 3-way interactions?

A

3 Main Effects

3 2-way Interactions

1 3-way Interaction

38
Q

What is a covariate?

A

A variable that is complementary or related to the dependent variable; extraneous variable

39
Q

When would you test for covariates?

A

Test differences between group means when we know that an extraneous/confounding variable can affect the outcome variable

40
Q

WHY would you test for covariates?

A

To strengthen your analysis

More likely to find significance if you can identify the covariate and measure it beforehand

41
Q

What is ANCOVA?

A

analysis of covariance

run analysis on the adjusted means

42
Q

What is MANOVA?

A

Multivariate analysis of variance

43
Q

When do you use MANOVA?

A

To test for differences between groups when we have several DVs

44
Q

Why is MANOVA better than multiple ANOVAs?

A
  • controls familywise error rate (Type 1 error)

Note: takes into account relationship between the DVs; more powerful than separate ANOVAs

DVs are mathematically combined into aggregate turning it into one variable for the global

45
Q

What’s the next step after a significant Global MANOVA?

A

DFA (Discriminant function analysis)

46
Q

What is DFA (Discriminant function analysis) used for?

A

Used to determine which of the DVs are best at discriminating the groups

Research (12 decks)

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