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Research > Final Review by Alex :) > Flashcards

Final Review by Alex :) Flashcards

1
Q

What sampling is this: Everyone in population has equal chance of being selected

A

Simple Random

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2
Q

What kind of sampling is this: we will select every 5th student

A

systematic sampling

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3
Q

What kind of sampling do you divided the population into parts or sections and take people from each section

A

stratified

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4
Q

What kind of sampling: You divide the population into groups or section out only select from certain parts

A

cluster sampling

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5
Q

What kind of sampling is it when you take volunteers

A

Convinence samping

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6
Q

What level of review: anything with kids

A

Full

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7
Q

What level of review: more than minimal risk involved

A

full

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8
Q

What level of review: blood draw, physical exam

A

expedited

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9
Q

What level of review: survey of nonsensitive nature that are not anonymous

A

expedited

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10
Q

what level of review: no more risk than daily life

A

expedited

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11
Q

What level of review: educational setting using normal curriculum

A

exempt

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12
Q

what level of review: anonymous survey

A

exempt

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13
Q

What level of evidence: RCT

A

1b

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14
Q

What level of evidence: All or none

A

1C

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15
Q

What level of evidence: Cohort or low quality RCT

A

2B

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16
Q

What level of evidence: Outcome research

A

2c

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17
Q

What level of evidence: Indvidual case control study

A

3b

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18
Q

What level of evidence: case report, small case series

A

4

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19
Q

What does PEDRO assess?

What is a good score?

A

Assesses RCT

6+ is good

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20
Q

What does Quadas assess?

What is a good score?

A

diagnostic accuracy of test (sensitivty and specificity)

7+ is good

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21
Q

Who is the primary author in a study?

Who is the senior author in the study?

Who is the major contributor?

A

First author

Last author

Second author

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22
Q

Where do you find the consort diagram in research

A

Methods section

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23
Q

What does alpha level represent?

What does P- value represent?

A

alpha: pre-set significance that the result is due to chance

P value: actual probability that the result is due to chance

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24
Q

What is a type 1 error?

What is a type 2 error?

A

Type 1: Reject the null hypothesis when u shouldnt

Type 2: Fail to reject the null when you should have

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25
Q

What is the definition of power?

A

The chance to find a significant difference if there’s one to be found

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26
Q

What does Cohens D Measure?

A

Effect size

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27
Q

If effect size goes up, power goes _______

A

Up

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28
Q

What is considered a small Cohens d?

medium?

large?

A

0.2

0.5

0.8

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29
Q

Experiment vs Quasi-experimental

A

Experiment - randomly assigned

Quasi - cohorts

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30
Q

What is a methologicial study

A

Deals w/ reliability and validity of clinical research measures

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31
Q

What is it called when you divide a test into two and give each form to one group of individuals to measure reliability

A

split half reliability

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32
Q

Two equivelant sets of questions are given to the same sample to measure reliability

A

parallel forms reliability

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33
Q

What is content validity?

A

Does the outcome measure have every domain of the thing it’s suppose to measure

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34
Q

What is face validity?

A

Simple observation of whether or not the instrument measures what its suppose to measure

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35
Q

Concurrent vs critereon based validity

A

concurrent- comparing 2 outcomes which aren’t gold standard

Criterion-based validity - does one test coorelate with the gold standard test

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36
Q

What is predicitive validity?

What is construct validity?

A

predictive- can it predict the future preformance outcome

construct- does it measure what it’s suppose to measure

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37
Q

How do you calculate sensitivity

A

True positive / (True positive + False negative)

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38
Q

How do you calculate specificity

A

true negative / (true negative + false positive)

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39
Q

How do you calculate positive predictive value

How do you calculate negative predictive value

A

true positive / (true + false pos)

true neg / (true neg + false neg)

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40
Q

As the prevalance of a disease goes up, what happens to positive predicitve value?

Negative predictive value?

A

PPV goes up

NPV goes down

40
Q

How do you calculate Positive likelihood ratio?

A

Sensitity / (100-specificty)

41
Q

How do you calculate negative likelihood value

A

(1-sensitive) / specificity

42
Q

What is considered a good Negative likelihood ratio

A

.1 is best, closer to 1 is worse

43
Q

What is considered a good positive likelihood ratio

A

Closer to 10 is good, Closer to 0.1 is useless

44
Q

How much influence does a LR+ of 2 have on the probability

A

15%

1= 0%
2 = 15%
5= 30%
10= 45%

45
Q

How much influence does a -LR of .5 have on probability?

A

15%

1 = 0%
0.5 = 15%
0.2 = 30%
0.1 = 45%

46
Q

Name the lines from Left to Right

A

Left: Mode

Middle: Median

Right: Mean

47
Q

What is considered a small effect size?

Medium?

Large?

A

Small: R = .1 d = .2

Medium: r = .3 , d= .5

Large: r = .5 d = .8

48
Q

How do you increase power?

Increase or decrease effect size

increase or decrease sample

alpha level 0.01 or 0.05

1 or 2 tail test

A

Increase effect size

Increase sample size

Alpha = .05

Use 1 tail test

49
Q

What is the nonparametric independent T test called?

What is the repeated measure nonparametric T test

A

Mann Whitney U

Wilcoxon signed ranks test

50
Q

What is a bonferonni correction?

A

Divides the alpha level by # of t tests

example 0.05 alpha level becomes 0.025 with 2 tests

51
Q

What kind of anova do you use with multiple independent variables and repeated measures?

A

Split plot ANOVA

52
Q

How many independent variables does this ANOVA have? 2x3x4x5 ANOVA

A

4 IVs

53
Q
A
54
Q

What is more powerful with large numbers of comparisons, bonferoni or tukey

A

tukey

55
Q
A
56
Q

What kind of alpha adjustment can you use if the variance is not homogenious

A

Games-Howell

57
Q

How many pairwise comparisons in this 3x2 ANOVA?

A

9

58
Q

What is the nonparametric version of a one way anova?

A

Kruskal-Wallis test

59
Q

Mauchley’s test is testing what assumption?

A

Sphericity- equal variance between all possible pairs

60
Q

For what kind of test is sphericity an assumption?

A

Repeated measure ANOVAs

61
Q

What is the non parametric equivelant to a repeated measures ANOVA

A

friedman’s anova

-uses wilcoxon signed ranks

62
Q

What is a factorial anova?

A

An ANOVA with more than 1 independent variable

63
Q

A 2x2 factorial anova tests what things?

A
  1. Interaction
  2. Main effect of first IV
  3. Main effect of second IV
64
Q

What kind of ANOVA takes into account factors that can influence the result

Example: Patient compliance

A

ANCOVA

Takes into account co-variants

65
Q

What kind of ANOVA can have multiple dependent variables?

A

MANOVA

66
Q

Rater 1:
1
10
100
1000

Rater 2:
.1
1
10
100

Do these have a weak or strong pearson coorelation

A

Pearson coorelation of 1 = strong

67
Q

A pearson coorelation of what is considered strong?

A

over .5

note:
.1 small
.3 medium
.5 large

68
Q

What is R^2 (R squared)?

A

Coefficient of determination

determines how much one variable can predict another

69
Q

T or F: Pearson coorelation must be high to have a useful relationship

A

F

70
Q

What test would you use to compare 2 levels of categorical variable and one interval/ratio variable based on how much they coorelate

A

Point-biserial coorelation

71
Q

What is the non-parametric equivalent to the pearson coorelation

A

spearman coefficient

72
Q

What static measures internal consistency?

A

Cronbach’s alpha

73
Q

What is considered an acceptable cronbach’s alpha?

Good?

Excellent?

A

Acceptable: .7

Good: .8

Excellent: .9

74
Q

How do you calculate standard error of the mean?

A

SD / Square root of N

75
Q

What percent of patient’s are within 2 SD of the mean?

A

95%

76
Q

What test is for reliability but can be used for more than one set of scores

commonly used to test inter-rater reliability

A

ICC

Intraclass correlation coefficient

77
Q

What is model 1 ICC?

A

Each participant is assessed by a different set of random raters

78
Q

What is model 2 ICC?

A

Each participant is assessed by each rater, raters represent all simular raters

79
Q

What is model 3 ICC?

A

Each participant is asssed by each rater, but the raters are the only raters of interest

80
Q

What is the best resource to search for predatory journals?

Where is a good place to find legitimate journals?

A

Beall’s list

doaj.org

81
Q

Who has to pay for open access to an article?

A

Author pays

82
Q

How is H-Index calculated for a specific author

A

Lists the authors papers and the number of citations they receive

83
Q

What reference software does Dr. Mitchell want us to use?

A

Refworks

84
Q

Is this acceptable writing in research:

“Patient did 20 reps of quad sets”

A

No

You have to write the full explanation of what they did

85
Q

What are the 3 levels of categorization for unversities doing research

Which one is TWU?

A

Doctoral Level
R1- this one is the best
R2-
Doctoral/professional- Texas Womens (3rd best)

Masters Level

Bachelor

86
Q

What statistic measures inter-rater reliability ONLY with nominal data

A

Kappa

87
Q

Kappa requires what kind of data?

A

Nominal

88
Q

What Kappa score indicates perfect agreement?

A

1 = perfect agreement

0.5 moderate agreement

0= no agreement

89
Q

What test measures whether or not 2 independent variables are independent from one another

A

Chi Square

(measures independence or relationship)

90
Q

Chi square can test for what two things

A

Independence OR relationships

just depends on how you write your hypothesis

91
Q

What kind of test is used to find different groups of factors or constructs in an outcome questionarre

A

Exploratory factor analysis

92
Q

What factor replaces reliability in qualitative research

A

dependability

93
Q

What factor replaces external validity in qualitative research

A

transferability

94
Q

What factor replaces internal validity in qualitative research

A

credibility

95
Q

What kind of regression used one I/R predictor and one I/R outcome?

What uses multiple predictors and one I/R outcome?

A

Linear

Multiple Linear

96
Q

What kind of regression uses predictors of any level of data and an outcome of 2 categorical variables

what kind of regression uses predictors of any level and multiple categorical outcomes.

A

logistic

multinominal logistic

97
Q

What kind of regression has one or more predictors at any level of data and one ordinal outcome with multiple levels

A

ordinal logistic

98
Q

What is a greenhouse geiser correction?

A

Used when theres an issue with sphericity in RM ANOVAs

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