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Research > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the manipulated variable called?

A

Independent variable

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2
Q

What is the measured variable called

A

dependent variable

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3
Q

What is a confounding variable

A

additional variable that can influence the dependent variable besides the independent variable

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4
Q

Quantitative research

A

Uses numbers

Independent variable is manipulated

considered “traditional method”

cause/effect

More precise

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5
Q

Qualitative research

A

Test theories using language

focus on broad understanding of complex phenomenon

no manipulation of Independent variable

Purposeful subject selection, not random

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6
Q

Single subject research

A

One or few participants measured many different times to understand progression

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7
Q

What is usually in a manuscript: Null OR alternative hypothesis?

A

Alternative hypothesis

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8
Q

Nominal scale?

A

Categories with no defined order

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9
Q

Ordinal scale

A

Categories with non-numeric order

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10
Q

Interval scale

A

Numeric scale without a true 0

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11
Q

ratio scale

A

numeric scale with a 0

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12
Q

Easy - Medium - Difficult

What kind of scale is this?

A

Ordinal Scale

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13
Q

Male or Female

What kind of scale is this?

A

Nominal

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14
Q

T or F: You run a T test for qualitative data

A

F

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15
Q

Descriptive research study

A

Describe data without statistical analysis

example: collect “normative data” that is used for comparison later on

Can include qualitative research like interviews

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16
Q

What is the purpose of exploratory research studies

A

Finds relationships between variables

example: case control (quasi-experimental AKA Cohort)

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17
Q

What is an experimental study

A

Demostrate cause and effect

must have randomization

note: one study cannot prove anything, it takes many

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18
Q

Quasi-experimental studies are also known as

A

Cohort studies

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19
Q

What is alpha level?

A

Significance level that is set in advance

it is the point you’d consider the result unlikely (happened by chance)

Usually 0.05, for research with major risk it is typically lower

20
Q

What is P value

A

The actual probability that the research results occured due to chance

21
Q

What do you do if the P value is greater than the alpha value

A

Reject the experimental hypothesis

null hypothesis is true

22
Q

What is research validity

A

Extent to which the research is useful/believable

23
Q

How can HISTORY influence internal validity

A

Something happened pre or post-test to change the results

example: participants became friends

24
Q

How can Maturation affect internal validity

A

Patients naturally got better or grew up from being children

25
Q

How can attrition/mortality affect internal validity

A

People left the study prematurely

26
Q

How can repeated testing affect internal validity

A

People got better at taking the test

27
Q

How can instrumentation affect internal validity

A

uncalibrated or different equipment used to measure

28
Q

How can regression to the mean affect internal validity

A

Very different groups became more average overtime

29
Q

How can experimenter bias affect internal validity

A

researcher is bias and wants specific outcome

30
Q

How can selection influence internal validity

A

population selected does not represent the actual population

31
Q

What is construct validity

A

Does an instrument actually measure what it claims to measure

example: Can you use range of motion as a measure of “Functional capability?”

32
Q

What is external validity?

A

Can the results be generalized onto the population it’s intending to represent?

33
Q

What is statistical conclusion validity

A

Does the test have enough power?

Sample size?

Excessive variability of dependent variable?

Were there errors made in calculation or the conclusion?

Example: type 1 or type 2 error

34
Q

Type 1 error

A

Reject the null hypothesis when you shouldnt have

normal probability is 5/100 (remember the 0.05 alpha level)

35
Q

type 2 error

A

Fail to reject the null hypothesis

AKA claim the study is not valid when it is

36
Q

Simple random sample

A

everyone has equal chance of being selected

37
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Selection of participants using certain order

38
Q

Stratified sample

A

The sampling frame is divided into parts

(example: I Want 10 students from every program)

39
Q

Cluster Sampling

A

Sample frame is divided, but we will only use specific parts

example: I only want 10 students from 3/8 of the availible programs

40
Q

Convenience sampling

A

Members self-volunteer

41
Q

Sampling error

A

Discrepancy between sample statistic and the population parameter

(your surveys sample vs who you’re trying to represent with the study)

42
Q

What does Cohen’s D measure

A

Effect size

43
Q

How do you find Cohens D?

A

(Mean 1 - Mean 2) / (avg standard deviation)

Difference between 2 means divided by the average standard deviation

44
Q

A larger cohen’s D means what

A

Larger effect size

45
Q

Cohen’s D amounts

0.2

0.5

0.8

A

0.2 - small

0.5 - medium

0.8 - large

46
Q

How do you find Cohen’s D:

Group A
mean: 1.235
SD: 0.24

Group B
mean 0.942
SD: 0.35

A

(1.235 - 0.942) / ((0.24+0.35)/2)

Research (12 decks)

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