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Research > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How to avoid a control group?

A

Less intervention vs more intervention

one approved intervention vs experimental intervention

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2
Q

What are the 3 levels of IRB review (institutional review process)

A

Full, Expedited, Exempt

note: at TWU all IRB appliations must be completed using CAYUSE

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3
Q

“Full” level IRB

A

More than minimal risks to patients

Sensitive topics

Vunerable populations

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4
Q

Expedited IRB level

A

No more risk than daily life
- blood draws, physical exam, routine testing

non-interventional studies (observational)

Surveys of nonsensitive nature

Genomic studies

Electrophysiological studies

Non-invasive imaging

Collection of existing data for meta-analysis

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5
Q

“Exempt” IRB level

A

Little to no risk

No sensitive topics

No minors

Example: anonymous survey

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6
Q

For a FULL IRB, who reviews it?

for Expedited, who reviews it?

For exempt, who reviews it?

A

The entire board

subset of the board

The chair of the board gives exempt status

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7
Q

Participants must be fully informed of risk, and must be anonymous

Informed Consent forms must be atleast _____ reading level

researchers must answer questions from participants throughout

there can be no penalty for withdrawing

participants must sign ________ page and they get a copy

A

6th grade

every

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8
Q

T or F, you can be an author on the manuscript even if your name isnt in the IRB

A

True

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9
Q

After data collections what must researchers do

A

Close IRB and submit all signed consent forms

they can still analyze the data after IRB is closed

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10
Q

What is included in evidence based practice?

A

integration of best evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values

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11
Q

What does PICO stand for

A

Patient

Intervention

Comparison

Outcomes

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12
Q

What does FINER stand for

A

Feasible
Interesting
Novel
Ethical
Relevant

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13
Q

What are strengths of primary evidence (RCT, Cohort Studies, Case Control Studies)

A

Current, Availible online in full text

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14
Q

What are weaknesses of primary evidence (RCT, Cohort Studies, Case Control Studies)

A

For all except PEDro you still need to read and extract info

only finds articles listed in specific search engine

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15
Q

What are strengths of secondary evidence (meta analysis, systemic review, text book)

A

Summarizes info for you

you dont have to read all the articles individually

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16
Q

What are weaknesses of secondary evidence (meta analysis, systemic review, text book)

A

Some more comprehensive than others

Always dated

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17
Q

systematic review vs meta analysis

A

Systematic review- asks question and preforms comprehensive literature review to make clinical practice recommendations

meta analysis - systematic review+ that also combines all the data and presents overall results of data

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18
Q

T or F: Absence of evidence is the same as negative evidence

A

F

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19
Q

LEVELs of evidence vs Grades

A

Levels- for individual studies

1a 1b 1c…..

Grades- summarizes multiple studies

A B C D E F

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20
Q

1a evidence

A

systemic review of RCT

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21
Q

1B evidence

A

RCT with narrow CI

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22
Q

1c evidence

A

All or none

23
Q

2a evidence

A

systemic review of cohort studies

24
Q

2b evidence

A

cohort study or low quality RCT

25
Q

2C evidence

A

Outcomes research

26
Q

3a evidence

A

systemic review of case-control studies

27
Q

3b evidence

A

individual case control studies

28
Q

4 evidence

A

case report, small case series

29
Q

5 evidence

A

Expert opinion, bench (animal) research

30
Q

What is all or none evidence?

A

Some patients died and now none do

OR

All patients died and now some survive

31
Q

What does a SMD (standard mean difference) measure

A

effect size

32
Q

how to calculate SMD?

A

(Mean 1 - Mean 2) / (( SD 1 + SD 2)/2)

Difference of means divided by average standard deviation

33
Q

What do the larger dots mean?

A

Larger dot = larger effect size

34
Q

What does a confidence interval measure?

A

Measures the precision of an estimated value

35
Q

Grade A evidence

A

A lot of level 1 and Level 2 studies support the recomendation

(must have atleast one level 1 study)

STRONG EVIDENCE

36
Q

```

Grade B evidence

A

A single high quality RCT supports this, or multiple level two studies

MODERATE EVIDENCE

37
Q

Grade C evidence

A

A single level two study supports this or multiple 3 and 4 studies, including statement of consensus by experts

WEAK EVIDENCE

38
Q

Grade D evidence

A

High quality studies disagree

conflicting evidence

39
Q

Grade E evidence

A

A lot of evidence from animal/cadaver studies

or from conceptual models

theoretical/foundational evidence

40
Q

Grade F evidence

A

Expert opinion

41
Q

What is PEDro?

A

Ranks RCT by quality 0-10

6+ is considered high quality

42
Q

What is quadas?

A

A tool to measure quality of study 0-14

7+ is a high quality study

43
Q

Who is the first author in a study?

A

Writes first draft/ designer of study

44
Q

Who is the last author in a study?

A

Experienced investigator who partners with first author for analysis

45
Q

Who is the second author of a study?

A

Major contributor

46
Q

The person who writes the bulk of the manuscript tends to be the ________ author

A

first

47
Q

What is an abstract?

A

150 words or less

addresses primary purpose, none of secondary findings (summary)

48
Q

Parts of abstract:

A

Background

Study Purpose

Overview of methods

Main findings

Primary conclusion

49
Q

T or F

At the end of the day you can never prove an alternative hypothesis, but you can reject your null hypothesis or fail to reject the null hypothesis

A

True

50
Q

Where can you look in a study to find info on the participant numbers throughout a study?

A

Consort diagram, usually placed in “methods”, can also be placed in “procedures” section

51
Q

Where can you find the inclusion/exclusion criteria for a study and the power analysis ?

A

Methods

52
Q

Where can you find the instrumentation of the study and the data analysis ?

A

In the methods section

53
Q

T or F: Authors interpretation of results goes into the “Results” section

A

F

54
Q

Where can you find “clinical implications” of a study?

A

In the discussion section

Research (12 decks)

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