Lecture 6

Question 1

Transition from penal settlements to self-governing colonies involved granting ________________.

Answer 1

Self-government

Question 2

The Westminster system introduced bicameral parliaments consisting of a Legislative Assembly and a ____________________.

Answer 2

Legislative Council

Question 3

In 1850, the ___________ passed in Britain, enabled existing and aspiring colonies to adopt ‘responsible government’ model.

Answer 3

Australian Colonies Government Act

Question 4

The 1850 Australian Colonies Government Act adopted a “responsible government” model involving _________________.

Answer 4

Bicameral parliament, vice-regal officer

Question 5

The Westminster System involves a ________________ (elected members representing districts) and _______________ (initially appointed, later elected members to review legislation.

Answer 5

Legislative Assembly, Legislative Council

Question 6

5 Australian colonies granted self-government, including Queensland when it separated from New South Wales in _______.

Answer 6

1859

Question 7

Western Australia granted self-government in ___________.

Answer 7

1890

Question 8

Self-government placed responsibility for colonial administration in ________ of elected and appointed representatives (though still subject to approval of Governors)

Answer 8

Parliaments

Question 9

The _________ franchised for all resident men through regular elections, secret (Australian) ballots, payment for parliamentarians, and representation based on population

Answer 9

Chartist Movement

Question 10

The ______________ model involved a separation of powers between the executive, legislature and judiciary, which in turn creates a stable democracy.

Answer 10

Westminister

Question 11

The discovery of gold led to _____________, giving rise to demands for miners’, merchants’, and workers’ rights and representation.

Answer 11

Taxation

Question 12

Australia’s six colonies operated as virtually separate countries, each with its own ____________________

Answer 12

Defense forces, customs, railway gauges, etc.

Question 13

One of the reasons Australia united was that Australia experienced no prior civil war or insurrections, excluding convict uprisings and ____________________.

Answer 13

Soldier/miner rebellions

Question 14

Unlike America, which underwent revolution for self-determination, liberty, and representative democracy, Australia remained ____________________.

Answer 14

Attached to Britain

Question 15

Many Australians identified themselves as ‘more British than the British,’ a sentiment that persisted even after ____________________.

Answer 15

Federation

Question 16

The emphasis on ‘White Australia’ served to reinforced the _____________: Australia was a British bastion in Asia/Pacific

Answer 16

“Myth of the Yellow Peril”

Question 17

Australian _________ was a drawn-out and “dull” process of deliberation

Answer 17

Federation

Question 18

In 1849, the United Kingdom’s Secretary of State for the Colonies, Earl Grey, suggested colonies should form a _________ with representation based on population

Answer 18

General Assembly

Question 19

Tasmania and South Australia were ‘horrified’ by Earl Grey’s suggestion of a general assembly because smaller colonies feared _______ by the larger, mutual distrust on all sides

Answer 19

Domination

Question 20

New South Wales and Victoria feared _____________ by Earl Grey’s suggestion of a general assembly because, but they also loathed each other at the same time (these sediments still persist in interstate relations).

Answer 20

Restraint

Question 21

Miners on the ____________ had threatened in 1899 to secede from Western Australia if colony did not embrace federalism.

Answer 21

Kalgoorlie-Coolgardie goldfields

Question 22

Western Australia was promised a ___________ to end its isolation (delivered in 1917).

Answer 22

Trans-continental railway line

Question 23

In 1883, the _______________ formed to discuss mutual defence and quarantine matters, but __________ refused to join.

Answer 23

Federal Council of Australasia; New South Wales

Question 24

Initially, ______________ (Premier of New South Wales) was against federation but became its leading advocate.

Answer 24

Sir Henry Parkes

Question 25

In the 1889 _______________ in northern New South Wales, Sir Henry Parkes made pivotal speech calling for federation, saying, “the crimson thread of kinship runs through us all”

Answer 25

Tenterfield Oration

Question 26

In the 1890s, there were 2 conventions to discuss _____________.

Answer 26

Federation

Question 27

___________ representatives attended the first, but not second, federation convention in the 1890s.

Answer 27

New Zealand

Question 28

One of the reasons New Zealand representatives attended the first, but not second, federation convention in the 1890s was that New Zealanders’ viewed themselves as _________.

Answer 28

“Superior Stock” (“Settlers,” Not Convict Heritage)

Question 29

One of the reasons New Zealand representatives attended the first, but not second, federation convention in the 1890s was that previously, 1840s, NZ was a part of NSW ____________.

Answer 29

Colonial Administration

Question 30

One of the reasons New Zealand representatives attended the first, but not second, federation convention in the 1890s was that NZ settler-colonists engaged in wars with ___________ groups.

Answer 30

Maori

Question 31

One of the reasons New Zealand representatives attended the first, but not second, federation convention in the 1890s was that

Question 32

One of the reasons New Zealand representatives attended the first, but not second, federation convention in the 1890s was the 1840 ____________, where Maori chiefs signed with British colonial rulers.

Answer 32

Treaty of Waitangi

Question 33

The decision factors for Australian federation included: Decision factors:
1) ________ victories over England in 1877, 1880 and 1882
2) Emergence of _________ (e.g. Henry Lawson)
3) J.F. Archibald and The Bulletin promoted __________
4) __________ School of naturalist and impressionist painters
5) Economic prosperity until the 1890s, then ___________
Expansion in the Pacific by non-British powers (e.g. France, Germany and Russia)

Answer 33

1) Cricket
2) Nationalist writers
3) ‘Ideal’ Australia
4) Heidelberg
5) Depression

Question 34

In the mid-1900s, British parliamentarians attempted to modify sections of the ___________ – including: Australia’s exclusivist immigration regulations, later to become ______________.

Answer 34

1) Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Bill
2) White Australia policy

Question 35

In 1899, there were successful referendums in NSW, QLD, SA, TAS, VIC – but not ____________.

Answer 35

WA (later in 1900)

Question 36

In July 1900, the ________________ passed by British Parliament, and it received Queen Victoria’s royal assent.

Answer 36

Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act

Question 37

On __________, _______, the Commonwealth of Australia officially proclaimed.

Answer 37

January 1, 1901

Question 38

Edmund Barton’s government sworn in at Sydney’s Centennial Park, on ___________, __________, the same day the Commonwealth of Australia was officially proclaimed.

Answer 38

January 1, 1901

Question 39

____________ thought the federation was a “miracle” because of colonial rivalry, jealousy, fearfulness and competitiveness.

Answer 39

Alfred Deakin

Question 40

State _______ persists to this day, which has been exacerbated recently by COVID-19 and its restrictions.

Answer 40

Rivalry

Question 41

Australia’s Constitution has no “bill of rights” / human rights enshrined except for __________

Answer 41

“Freedom of religion”

Question 42

Australia’s Constitution has a judiciary, established Federal _________ and __________ system.

Answer 42

1) Parliament
2) Voting

Question 43

Australia’s Constitution has established states’ individual _______________

Answer 43

Parliaments/Constitutions