Lecture 6 Flashcards
Transition from penal settlements to self-governing colonies involved granting ________________.
Self-government
The Westminster system introduced bicameral parliaments consisting of a Legislative Assembly and a ____________________.
Legislative Council
In 1850, the ___________ passed in Britain, enabled existing and aspiring colonies to adopt ‘responsible government’ model.
Australian Colonies Government Act
The 1850 Australian Colonies Government Act adopted a “responsible government” model involving _________________.
Bicameral parliament, vice-regal officer
The Westminster System involves a ________________ (elected members representing districts) and _______________ (initially appointed, later elected members to review legislation.
Legislative Assembly, Legislative Council
5 Australian colonies granted self-government, including Queensland when it separated from New South Wales in _______.
1859
Western Australia granted self-government in ___________.
1890
Self-government placed responsibility for colonial administration in ________ of elected and appointed representatives (though still subject to approval of Governors)
Parliaments
The _________ franchised for all resident men through regular elections, secret (Australian) ballots, payment for parliamentarians, and representation based on population
Chartist Movement
The ______________ model involved a separation of powers between the executive, legislature and judiciary, which in turn creates a stable democracy.
Westminister
The discovery of gold led to _____________, giving rise to demands for miners’, merchants’, and workers’ rights and representation.
Taxation
Australia’s six colonies operated as virtually separate countries, each with its own ____________________
Defense forces, customs, railway gauges, etc.
One of the reasons Australia united was that Australia experienced no prior civil war or insurrections, excluding convict uprisings and ____________________.
Soldier/miner rebellions
Unlike America, which underwent revolution for self-determination, liberty, and representative democracy, Australia remained ____________________.
Attached to Britain
Many Australians identified themselves as ‘more British than the British,’ a sentiment that persisted even after ____________________.
Federation
The emphasis on ‘White Australia’ served to reinforced the _____________: Australia was a British bastion in Asia/Pacific
“Myth of the Yellow Peril”
Australian _________ was a drawn-out and “dull” process of deliberation
Federation
In 1849, the United Kingdom’s Secretary of State for the Colonies, Earl Grey, suggested colonies should form a _________ with representation based on population
General Assembly
Tasmania and South Australia were ‘horrified’ by Earl Grey’s suggestion of a general assembly because smaller colonies feared _______ by the larger, mutual distrust on all sides
Domination
New South Wales and Victoria feared _____________ by Earl Grey’s suggestion of a general assembly because, but they also loathed each other at the same time (these sediments still persist in interstate relations).
Restraint
Miners on the ____________ had threatened in 1899 to secede from Western Australia if colony did not embrace federalism.
Kalgoorlie-Coolgardie goldfields
Western Australia was promised a ___________ to end its isolation (delivered in 1917).
Trans-continental railway line
In 1883, the _______________ formed to discuss mutual defence and quarantine matters, but __________ refused to join.
Federal Council of Australasia; New South Wales
Initially, ______________ (Premier of New South Wales) was against federation but became its leading advocate.
Sir Henry Parkes
In the 1889 _______________ in northern New South Wales, Sir Henry Parkes made pivotal speech calling for federation, saying, “the crimson thread of kinship runs through us all”
Tenterfield Oration
In the 1890s, there were 2 conventions to discuss _____________.
Federation
___________ representatives attended the first, but not second, federation convention in the 1890s.
New Zealand
One of the reasons New Zealand representatives attended the first, but not second, federation convention in the 1890s was that New Zealanders’ viewed themselves as _________.
“Superior Stock” (“Settlers,” Not Convict Heritage)
One of the reasons New Zealand representatives attended the first, but not second, federation convention in the 1890s was that previously, 1840s, NZ was a part of NSW ____________.
Colonial Administration
One of the reasons New Zealand representatives attended the first, but not second, federation convention in the 1890s was that NZ settler-colonists engaged in wars with ___________ groups.
Maori
One of the reasons New Zealand representatives attended the first, but not second, federation convention in the 1890s was that
One of the reasons New Zealand representatives attended the first, but not second, federation convention in the 1890s was the 1840 ____________, where Maori chiefs signed with British colonial rulers.
Treaty of Waitangi
The decision factors for Australian federation included: Decision factors:
1) ________ victories over England in 1877, 1880 and 1882
2) Emergence of _________ (e.g. Henry Lawson)
3) J.F. Archibald and The Bulletin promoted __________
4) __________ School of naturalist and impressionist painters
5) Economic prosperity until the 1890s, then ___________
Expansion in the Pacific by non-British powers (e.g. France, Germany and Russia)
1) Cricket
2) Nationalist writers
3) ‘Ideal’ Australia
4) Heidelberg
5) Depression
In the mid-1900s, British parliamentarians attempted to modify sections of the ___________ – including: Australia’s exclusivist immigration regulations, later to become ______________.
1) Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Bill
2) White Australia policy
In 1899, there were successful referendums in NSW, QLD, SA, TAS, VIC – but not ____________.
WA (later in 1900)
In July 1900, the ________________ passed by British Parliament, and it received Queen Victoria’s royal assent.
Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act
On __________, _______, the Commonwealth of Australia officially proclaimed.
January 1, 1901
Edmund Barton’s government sworn in at Sydney’s Centennial Park, on ___________, __________, the same day the Commonwealth of Australia was officially proclaimed.
January 1, 1901
____________ thought the federation was a “miracle” because of colonial rivalry, jealousy, fearfulness and competitiveness.
Alfred Deakin
State _______ persists to this day, which has been exacerbated recently by COVID-19 and its restrictions.
Rivalry
Australia’s Constitution has no “bill of rights” / human rights enshrined except for __________
“Freedom of religion”
Australia’s Constitution has a judiciary, established Federal _________ and __________ system.
1) Parliament
2) Voting
Australia’s Constitution has established states’ individual _______________
Parliaments/Constitutions
