Lecture 2 Flashcards
First Nations people arrived in Sahel c. _______ years BP.
60,000-80,000
The discovery of skeletal remains at Lake Mungo dated back to ________ to _______ years old
40,000
Australia’s most arid desert regions and coldest alpine areas became permanently settled c. ______ years BP.
30,000
The language group in “Top End” and north-west Australia is known as _______ language group
non-Pama-Nyungan
There are approximately ______ separate languages in Australia
300
The boundaries between neighboring territories were marked by ______ features or culturally significant sites/tribal pathways
Physical
The first human ______ voyagers were supported by genomic tracing
Transoceanic
The Mungo Lady’s remains were removed and taken to ______ in 1968
Canberra
Indigenous cultures were varied and dynamic in response to the challenges of the surrounding ______
Environments
During the Pleistocene epoch, ground-edge ______ and tools were commonly featured.
Axes
In Australia, boomerangs and _____ also appeared during the Pleistocene epoch
Spear-throwers
Aboriginal _____ were potentially the first export commodity in northern Australia
Spears
Tool technologies and engineering skills, such as ______ and water conservation, developed according to location
Aquaculture
Exploitation of different food sources required ______ skills and knowledge
Specialized
Josephine Flood’s thesis proposed that indigenous societies were “affluent” and _____
Mobile
In “The Dreaming,” ancestral beings created the land and ______ in it
Everything
Dreaming beings relayed ______ and law, passed down through tribes
Knowledge
Totemic spirituality involved a natural object, plant, or animal inherited by a clan or family members as a _____ emblem
Totemic
First Nations People used fire for multiple purposes including _______________, _______________, and _______________
Hunting Animals; Destruction of Vermin; Light, Warmth, and Cooking
Fire was utilized by First Nations People to maintain tribal pathways and ______________________
Create Ecological Mosaics
Fire was instrumental in hardening wooden implements and ________________________
Melting resin to bind tools and weapons
Fire served as a means of signaling between groups and occasionally as a ______________________
Weapon of tribal conflict
Fire regimes, including seasonal burning, varied due to ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________
Local Topography; Climate; Target Species
According to Bill Gammage’s “Biggest Estate on Earth” (2012), the landscape was perceived as either a ___________________ or a ___________________
“Pristine Wilderness” or “One Huge Farm”
The cessation of First Nations peoples’ fire regimes resulted in ________________________ , ________________________, and ________________________
Uncontrolled bushfires, extinctions, erosion, soil salinity
The 2019-2020 bushfires impacted _______________ hectares of land and _______________ animals due to a combination of climate change and ___________________
19 million; 3 billion; European fire burning practices
Colonization has led to the loss of Traditional approaches such as ________________________
Fire prevention
Indigenous people have lived in the region for approximately ________________________
65,000 years
Prior to colonization, First Nations People engaged in trade networks with ________________________
Indonesia (and later Europeans)
The First Nations People’s kinship systems, languages, and cultures are characterized by their ________________________
Complexity and Diversity
