Lecture 2

Question 1

First Nations people arrived in Sahel c. _______ years BP.

Answer 1

60,000-80,000

Question 2

The discovery of skeletal remains at Lake Mungo dated back to ________ to _______ years old

Answer 2

40,000

Question 2

Australia’s most arid desert regions and coldest alpine areas became permanently settled c. ______ years BP.

Answer 2

30,000

Question 3

The language group in “Top End” and north-west Australia is known as _______ language group

Answer 3

non-Pama-Nyungan

Question 4

There are approximately ______ separate languages in Australia

Answer 4

300

Question 5

The boundaries between neighboring territories were marked by ______ features or culturally significant sites/tribal pathways

Answer 5

Physical

Question 6

The first human ______ voyagers were supported by genomic tracing

Answer 6

Transoceanic

Question 7

The Mungo Lady’s remains were removed and taken to ______ in 1968

Answer 7

Canberra

Question 8

Indigenous cultures were varied and dynamic in response to the challenges of the surrounding ______

Answer 8

Environments

Question 9

During the Pleistocene epoch, ground-edge ______ and tools were commonly featured.

Answer 9

Axes

Question 10

In Australia, boomerangs and _____ also appeared during the Pleistocene epoch

Answer 10

Spear-throwers

Question 11

Aboriginal _____ were potentially the first export commodity in northern Australia

Answer 11

Spears

Question 12

Tool technologies and engineering skills, such as ______ and water conservation, developed according to location

Answer 12

Aquaculture

Question 13

Exploitation of different food sources required ______ skills and knowledge

Answer 13

Specialized

Question 14

Josephine Flood’s thesis proposed that indigenous societies were “affluent” and _____

Answer 14

Mobile

Question 15

In “The Dreaming,” ancestral beings created the land and ______ in it

Answer 15

Everything

Question 16

Dreaming beings relayed ______ and law, passed down through tribes

Answer 16

Knowledge

Question 17

Totemic spirituality involved a natural object, plant, or animal inherited by a clan or family members as a _____ emblem

Answer 17

Totemic

Question 18

First Nations People used fire for multiple purposes including _______________, _______________, and _______________

Answer 18

Hunting Animals; Destruction of Vermin; Light, Warmth, and Cooking

Question 19

Fire was utilized by First Nations People to maintain tribal pathways and ______________________

Answer 19

Create Ecological Mosaics

Question 20

Fire was instrumental in hardening wooden implements and ________________________

Answer 20

Melting resin to bind tools and weapons

Question 21

Fire served as a means of signaling between groups and occasionally as a ______________________

Answer 21

Weapon of tribal conflict

Question 22

Fire regimes, including seasonal burning, varied due to ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________

Answer 22

Local Topography; Climate; Target Species

Question 23

According to Bill Gammage’s “Biggest Estate on Earth” (2012), the landscape was perceived as either a ___________________ or a ___________________

Answer 23

“Pristine Wilderness” or “One Huge Farm”

Question 24

The cessation of First Nations peoples’ fire regimes resulted in ________________________ , ________________________, and ________________________

Answer 24

Uncontrolled bushfires, extinctions, erosion, soil salinity

Question 25

The 2019-2020 bushfires impacted _______________ hectares of land and _______________ animals due to a combination of climate change and ___________________

Answer 25

19 million; 3 billion; European fire burning practices

Question 26

Colonization has led to the loss of Traditional approaches such as ________________________

Answer 26

Fire prevention

Question 27

Indigenous people have lived in the region for approximately ________________________

Answer 27

65,000 years

Question 28

Prior to colonization, First Nations People engaged in trade networks with ________________________

Answer 28

Indonesia (and later Europeans)

Question 29

The First Nations People’s kinship systems, languages, and cultures are characterized by their ________________________

Answer 29

Complexity and Diversity