lecture 6 Flashcards
four year olds who have played musical instruments together engage in more
spontaneous acts of helping each other,
prosocial helping behaviours in infants
infants bounced in time with music show greater prosocial behaviour than those bounced out of sync
mismatch response (MMR) is measured using?
EEG
how does MMR work
infants produce a larger MMR when a stronger beat “skips a beat” as compared to a weaker beat, which suggests at least begin modelling some temporal dynamics of sound
at about 8 or 9 years old
other aspects of children neural responses to music resembles adult responses
why does skipping a beat initiate a mismatch response
it is an error signal, as a result of a violation of expectation similar to how in english we would notice someone not speaking grammatically correct
Oddball paradigms
are used with EEGs to asses the neural response (or behavioural) of
ERP
N100 = negative 100 change in
N100
a negative change in voltage, decrease in the voltage 100 ms after you change the stimulus
RHYTHYM PERCEPTIOJN
joint action
refers to behavior that involves cooperation with at least one other person to achieve some goal, often requiring a high degree of temporal-spatial coordination
what did Novembre, Mistopoulos and Keller do
- had pairs of participants perform a joint music-making task involving roating handles on (virtual) music boxes
what did
had no previous musical training completed a questionanarire intended to measure a construct called empatheric persepctive taking (EPT) before the experiment began
empathetic perspective taking (EPT)
score based on a questionnaire, can see how well one is able to take another’s perspective and more helpful in general, matching needs to fulfill a request
- empathetic perspective taking promotes interpersonal ENHANCINFNFJSINFI
Novembre Mitsopoulos and Keller
- participants divided into two groups based on their EPT scores, pairs were both similar
- participants were asked to lead the task, and sometimes asked to follow the leader
- higher EPT followers were better able to match the tempo set by the leaders, therefore better to model the leader’s beat
motor stimulations can represent
actions by the same motor structures that are involved with reproduction of the action
motor stimulations are ___________ activitaed when perceiving rhythm
automatically activated
mirror neurons and empathy
help people follow a beat, modelling what is seen
Novembre, Ticini, Schutz-Bosbach and Keller
- participants play half of ta duet (two different pieces of music at the same time, different hands)
- whether or not the left-hand part of the duet was previously learned was manipulated which involved regular changes in timing that the other (right-hand) part needed to adapt to
- wanted to see if TMS would turn off the neurons in the left hemisphere would affect you playing with your right hand
contralateral wiring
left side of your body is controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain, especially the motor cortex, and vice versa
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
reversible lessions? using to stimulate the right hemisphere during the performance
TMS in motor stimulation tasks
rhythumic cooperation depends on
being able to stimulate internal representations of the co-actor, which is done more effectively with more competent partners
