lecture 6

Question 1

four year olds who have played musical instruments together engage in more

Answer 1

spontaneous acts of helping each other,

Question 2

prosocial helping behaviours in infants

Answer 2

infants bounced in time with music show greater prosocial behaviour than those bounced out of sync

Question 3

mismatch response (MMR) is measured using?

Answer 3

EEG

Question 4

how does MMR work

Answer 4

infants produce a larger MMR when a stronger beat “skips a beat” as compared to a weaker beat, which suggests at least begin modelling some temporal dynamics of sound

Question 5

at about 8 or 9 years old

Answer 5

other aspects of children neural responses to music resembles adult responses

Question 6

why does skipping a beat initiate a mismatch response

Answer 6

it is an error signal, as a result of a violation of expectation similar to how in english we would notice someone not speaking grammatically correct

Question 7

Oddball paradigms

Answer 7

are used with EEGs to asses the neural response (or behavioural) of

Question 8

ERP

Answer 8

N100 = negative 100 change in

Question 9

N100

Answer 9

a negative change in voltage, decrease in the voltage 100 ms after you change the stimulus

Question 10

RHYTHYM PERCEPTIOJN

Question 11

joint action

Answer 11

refers to behavior that involves cooperation with at least one other person to achieve some goal, often requiring a high degree of temporal-spatial coordination

Question 12

what did Novembre, Mistopoulos and Keller do

Answer 12

• had pairs of participants perform a joint music-making task involving roating handles on (virtual) music boxes

Question 13

what did

Answer 13

had no previous musical training completed a questionanarire intended to measure a construct called empatheric persepctive taking (EPT) before the experiment began

Question 14

empathetic perspective taking (EPT)

Answer 14

score based on a questionnaire, can see how well one is able to take another’s perspective and more helpful in general, matching needs to fulfill a request
- empathetic perspective taking promotes interpersonal ENHANCINFNFJSINFI

Question 15

Novembre Mitsopoulos and Keller

Answer 15

• participants divided into two groups based on their EPT scores, pairs were both similar
• participants were asked to lead the task, and sometimes asked to follow the leader
• higher EPT followers were better able to match the tempo set by the leaders, therefore better to model the leader’s beat

Question 16

motor stimulations can represent

Answer 16

actions by the same motor structures that are involved with reproduction of the action

Question 17

motor stimulations are ___________ activitaed when perceiving rhythm

Answer 17

automatically activated

Question 18

mirror neurons and empathy

Answer 18

help people follow a beat, modelling what is seen

Question 19

Novembre, Ticini, Schutz-Bosbach and Keller

Answer 19

• participants play half of ta duet (two different pieces of music at the same time, different hands)
• whether or not the left-hand part of the duet was previously learned was manipulated which involved regular changes in timing that the other (right-hand) part needed to adapt to
• wanted to see if TMS would turn off the neurons in the left hemisphere would affect you playing with your right hand

Question 20

contralateral wiring

Answer 20

left side of your body is controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain, especially the motor cortex, and vice versa

Question 21

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Answer 21

reversible lessions? using to stimulate the right hemisphere during the performance

Question 22

TMS in motor stimulation tasks

Question 25

rhythumic cooperation depends on

Answer 25

being able to stimulate internal representations of the co-actor, which is done more effectively with more competent partners