lecture 5

Question 1

role of basal ganglia (BG)

Answer 1

in various behaviours, like motor control, learning, reward and executive function

Question 2

BG is involved with _______ perception

Answer 2

beat perception, a distributed network along with the thalamas and other cortical regions

Question 3

functional connectivity between BG, cortical motor areas and auditory cortex decrease/increase when exposed to music containing strong beats?

Answer 3

increases, more networking of neurons

Question 4

what is used to measure functional connectivity

Answer 4

fMRI; use task-related fMRI to determine brain location associated with a specific task (seed location0, then measure neural activation at the seed location, m

Question 5

how does fMRI asses functional connectivity

Answer 5

4. calculate the correlation between the seed location and the test location

Question 6

dopamine plays a role in ______ perception

Answer 6

beat perception

Question 7

disorders that affect dopaminergic pathways and how does this effect them musically

Answer 7

Parkinsons and Huntington disease, have greater difficulty to tasks that involve percise timing

Question 8

dopamine depletion in healthy individuals can impair

Answer 8

processing of temporal information

Question 9

what is the striatum

Answer 9

is a part of the BG, can be divided into two major sections (dorsal and ventral)

Question 10

increased dopamine in the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) is associated with

Answer 10

the anticipation of reward, “habit hub” eg. anticipating a chorus

Question 11

increased dopamine in the ventral striatum (nucleuse accumbens) is associated with

Answer 11

rewarding experiences “reward hub” eg. hearing a chorus

Question 12

musical anhedonia

Answer 12

those who do not enjoy listening to music have this

Question 13

why might someone have musical anhedonia

Answer 13

reduced functional connectivity between auditory cortex and ventral striatum

Question 14

limbic and auditory systems have many direct and indirect connections that facillitate ______

Answer 14

affective (emotions) sound processing

Question 15

connections between amygdala and various subcortical structures in ascending auditory pathway allow some simple sound-based stimuli to

Answer 15

automatically activate the amygdala via a fast/relatively automatic subcortical pathway “amygdala hijack” feeling without going through the whole cortical pathways (Motivation with Cannon, Stress appraisal)

Question 16

affective judgements that are slower are usually

Answer 16

more controlled cortical pathways

Question 17

think about the amygdala of those who enjoy scary stimuli vs those who don’t

Answer 17

low baseline for physiological arousal, thrill seeker, amygdala less responsive but also think they like scary stimulating, find it rewarding to be scared therefore release more dopamine, exposure therapy

Question 18

amygdala can play a role in acquiring/encoding/sound-based cues that have

Answer 18

postive/negative associations

Question 19

what is the insula

Answer 19

involved in multimodal integration, demonstrates a functional division that is relevant for music

Question 20

insula posterior and anterior function

Answer 20

• posterior: responds to physical properties of sound (like Heschl’s gyrus)
• anterior: responds to emotional aspects of sounds

Question 21

cingulate cortex function

Answer 21

involved with musical processing by virtue of its role for mechanism that are relevant for errors signals and motivation, also involved in resolving conflicts and have completing something without error

Question 22

why you find music rewarding