lecture 5 Flashcards
role of basal ganglia (BG)
in various behaviours, like motor control, learning, reward and executive function
BG is involved with _______ perception
beat perception, a distributed network along with the thalamas and other cortical regions
functional connectivity between BG, cortical motor areas and auditory cortex decrease/increase when exposed to music containing strong beats?
increases, more networking of neurons
what is used to measure functional connectivity
fMRI; use task-related fMRI to determine brain location associated with a specific task (seed location0, then measure neural activation at the seed location, m
how does fMRI asses functional connectivity
- calculate the correlation between the seed location and the test location
dopamine plays a role in ______ perception
beat perception
disorders that affect dopaminergic pathways and how does this effect them musically
Parkinsons and Huntington disease, have greater difficulty to tasks that involve percise timing
dopamine depletion in healthy individuals can impair
processing of temporal information
what is the striatum
is a part of the BG, can be divided into two major sections (dorsal and ventral)
increased dopamine in the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) is associated with
the anticipation of reward, “habit hub” eg. anticipating a chorus
increased dopamine in the ventral striatum (nucleuse accumbens) is associated with
rewarding experiences “reward hub” eg. hearing a chorus
musical anhedonia
those who do not enjoy listening to music have this
why might someone have musical anhedonia
reduced functional connectivity between auditory cortex and ventral striatum
limbic and auditory systems have many direct and indirect connections that facillitate ______
affective (emotions) sound processing
connections between amygdala and various subcortical structures in ascending auditory pathway allow some simple sound-based stimuli to
automatically activate the amygdala via a fast/relatively automatic subcortical pathway “amygdala hijack” feeling without going through the whole cortical pathways (Motivation with Cannon, Stress appraisal)
affective judgements that are slower are usually
more controlled cortical pathways
think about the amygdala of those who enjoy scary stimuli vs those who don’t
low baseline for physiological arousal, thrill seeker, amygdala less responsive but also think they like scary stimulating, find it rewarding to be scared therefore release more dopamine, exposure therapy
amygdala can play a role in acquiring/encoding/sound-based cues that have
postive/negative associations
what is the insula
involved in multimodal integration, demonstrates a functional division that is relevant for music
insula posterior and anterior function
- posterior: responds to physical properties of sound (like Heschl’s gyrus)
- anterior: responds to emotional aspects of sounds
cingulate cortex function
involved with musical processing by virtue of its role for mechanism that are relevant for errors signals and motivation, also involved in resolving conflicts and have completing something without error
why you find music rewarding
