lecture 6 Flashcards
Theoretical perspectives: psychoanalytic
explain Freud’s psychosexual stages and Erikson’s psychosocial stages
only the first stage
Freud: Oral stage
- from birth to 2
- satisfaction through mouth
- weaning needs to be managed or fixation like nail-biting or swearing occurs
- emphasis on symbiotic relationship b/w mother and young infant
Erikson: trust vs mistrust = hope
- first 2 years
- emphasis on taking care of the needs of the infant
- Harlow’s experiement with the baby monkey and mother model monkeys, one clothed and one metal
theoretical perspecitves
what is attachment theory?
- john bowlby
- infants have innate predisposition to form emotional bonds with caregivers for survival
attachment
- senstive period
- babies need to form this emotional tie to the parents and this is a genetic characterist of all humans
ex. crying, screaming, clinging are genetically selective for; the predisposition of not wanting to seperate from mother
Development of the self
describe the the developement of self concept in infants
subjective (existential), objective (categorical), emotional, others
- subjective (existential) self: awareness that he or she is a separate person, fully aware by 8 to 12 months
- objective (categorical) self: aware of having characteristics; about 2.5 years old; rouge test
- emotional: learning to identify changes in emotions at 2-3 months; use caregivers emotion to guide their own feelings end of 1yr; 2yr self-conscious emotional expression emerge (eg. shame, embarassment, pride)
- awareness of the intentions of others: 2 yrs olf aware of others having a mind of their own; joint attention - capability to pay attention to another person’s intentions and an object at the same time
development of self
define personality and temperament
- personality: a pattern of responding to people and objects in the environement; personality shaped by interactions with enviornment
- temperament: inborn predispositions such as activity level form the foundations of personality; more stable
development of self
what are the dimensions of temperament?
Thomas and Chess, the 5 categories
Thomas and Chess: 3 domains
- challenging: spirited, big emotions, hard time with change ~ 10%
- slow to warm up: observes before joining, cautious, sensitive to other’s ~ 15%
- easy: easygoing, felxible, adpatable ~ 40%
- combination ~35%
dimensions
- activity level: tendency to more than remain passive
- approach/ positive emotionally: tendency to move toward rather than withdraw; able to try new things
- inhibition: tendency to respond with fear or withdrawal in new situations
- negative emotionally: tendency to respond with anger, low threshold of frustration
- effortful control/task persistence: ability to stay focused and mange attention and effort
Development of self
what are the origins and stability of temperament?
4 of them
- genetic and epigenetic factors: identical twins more similar in temperament; epigentic mechanisms that control the expression of particular genes
- neurological processes: underlying physiological patterns eg. frontal lobe asymmetry, dopamine and serotonin problems
- interpersonal milieu: ‘niche-picking’ - prefering to do something that suits them; ‘goodness of fit’ - degree to which an infant’s temperament is adaptable to his or her environement and vise versa
- long-term stability: patterns persist through childhood and into adulthood; temperament is consistent
Interactions with others
What is Bowlby 4 phases in establishing attachment?
- nonfocused oreinting and signalling (0-3 months): uses an innate set of behaviour patterns to signal needs and draw other’s attnetion
- focus on one or more figures (3-6 months): smiles more at people who regularly care; use of proximity promoting behaviours
- secure base behaviour (6-24 month): proximity seeking behaviours (AInsworth); true attachment emerges; primary caretaker is used a home base for exploration
- internal model (24-beyond): knowing consequences of actions that may affect bonts they share with their caregivers
Interaction with others
What are the different type of attachment behaviours?
stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, social referencing
- stranger anxiety: expression of discomfort in presence of strangers; ~6 months
- separation anxiety: expressions of discomfort when separated from attachemtn figure; ~7-8 months and peaks at 14 months
- social referencing: an infant’s use of other’s facial expressions as a guide to his or her own emotions
Interactions with others
what are the types of attachment quailty?
- secure attachment: most common pattern in every country; greet parents with positive emotions
- avoidant attachment: doesn’t show preference for strangers or parents
- ambivalent attachment: child isn’t being reassured, not likely to move far to explore
- disorganized/disorientent attachment: confusion or apprehension
what are the variations seen in attachment quality
secure relationship, child’s environment
- secure type moters are more sensitive to their infant’s needs and their infant tends to be less fusst and enjoy physical contact
- consistency in family environment; inconsistnecy can result in attachment changes in a negative or positive direction
- at 4 or 5 Bowlby suggest attachment pattern is internalized and it influences their relationships with others
What are the long term consequences of attachment quality?
more securely attached children:
- more sociable and more positive in their behaviour towards friends and siblings
- less clinging and dependent
- mroe empathetic and emotionally mature
- continue to adulthood
- higher self-esteem
- affects their parenting behaviours
