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Information management > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is information technology

A

The big five technologies

Cloud computing

security

certificate

payment

Social media

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2
Q

Internet technology background

A

The evolution of the internet since 1961

Internet technology concepts: packet switching, TCP/IP; IP adresses; domain names; client server computing

The mobile platform

Internet cloud computing model: Hardware and software as a service

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3
Q

Internet infrastructure and access

A

Internet structure (from backbone to IXP to tier 3 ISP to camput/corporate area networks and LAN

Mobile internet access; otheraccess technologies (drones, balloons, white space, internet of things)

Who governs the internet (regulation and surveillance)

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4
Q

The web

A

Hypertext, HTMP; XML; web server software; web browser/cleints

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5
Q

Internet and the Web: Features and services

A

Communication tools (e-mail, messaging, message boards, internet telephony; video conferencing

Search engines

Downloadable and streaming media; web 2.0 applications and services; VR-AR; intelligent digital assistants

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6
Q

Mobile apps

A

Platforms for mobile application development; app market places

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7
Q

Internet

A

The interconnected network

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8
Q

web

A

Most popular internet servie providing access to billions of web pages

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9
Q

Stages of the development of the internet (3 - timeline)

A

Innovation (1961-1974)
Institutionalization (1975-1995)
Commercialization (1995+)

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10
Q

How do internet and the web function

A

1) packet switching and TCP-IP and IP addresses

2) Client-server model

3) Internet cloud computing model

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11
Q

Packet switching

A

How internet communication works

Method of slicing digital messages into packets (of a fixed size) to be sent along different communication paths as these become avaiilable, and reassembling the packets once they arrive at destination

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12
Q

packet switching process (sender to recipient)

A

Sender –>
TCP/IP breaks data into packets –>
the packets travel from router to router over the internet –>
TCP/IP reassembles the packets into the original whole at recipient

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13
Q

TCP/IP protocol has four layers

A

1) Application layer to exchange data between software applications

2) Transport layer to connect internet to a software application

3) internet layer to address packages and routing messages across internet

4) Network interface layer to place packages on and receiving packages from internet

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14
Q

TCP IP is a protocol that

A

enables packet switching based communicatio between computers via the web

Therefore, each computer must have a nuique adress (IP-address)

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15
Q

IP address

A

Every device connected to the internet must have a unique address number called an internet protocol (IP) address

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16
Q

domain names

A

The domain name system allows expressions such as pearsoned.com to stand for numeric IP locations

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17
Q

DNS servers

A

are databases that keep track of IP addresses and domain names on the internet

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18
Q

OT servers

A

are central directories that list all domain names currently in use for specific domains; for example, the .com root server. DNS servers consult root servers to look up unfamiliar domain names when routing traffic

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19
Q

IPv4

A

Uses 32 bits to identify an adress 2^32 different ip adresses

20
Q

IPv6 uses 128 bits to identify an adress = 2^128 different IP adresses

A

uses 128 bits to identify an adress = 2^128 different IP adresses

21
Q

uniform resource locator (URL)

A

Address used by WEB browser to identify location of content on the web

22
Q

The client server computing model

A

Hardware components are linnked in networks

Client can be a smartphone, tablet, desktop, laptop etc

Server (in the client server model) is a computer that is linket to the network and runs your software (and the software of other clients), stores your data, etc.

Servers can be located in your LAN, WAN, firm in your region, country or in space

23
Q

Thick clients

A

Have their own (internal) computing power and storage for data and software

May also use cloud computing to store some data on/use some software from servers

24
Q

Thin clients

A

Use (cloud) servers (local and/or wide area networks) for computing, and storage of data and software

25
Q

Cloud computing

A

Clients obtain shared and standardized servies over internet from various servers

26
Q

The internet cloud computing model

A

Clients use all kind of services from servers

Print services

Data storage and backup services

Application services

Mail services

Meeting services

27
Q

Thin client is used in

A

Local area network

28
Q

Thick clients is used in

A

Corporate area networks

29
Q

Cloud computing is

A

On demand self service (obtain IT only when your business needs it)

Ubiquitous network access (use access anywhere, anytime)

Location independent resource pooling (share IT resources)

Rapid elasticity (increase or decrease IT as needed)

Measured service (pay per use, no need to invest)

Cloud computing offers firms to focus on

Using IT instead of
Buying and managing IT

30
Q

Public cloud

A

Third-party service offering computing, storage, and software services to multiple customers

Managed by third party service providers

31
Q

Private cloud

A

Cloud infrastructure operated soley for a single organization and hosted either internally or externally

Managed by in house IT or private third party host

32
Q

Hybrid cloud

A

Combination of private and public cloud services that remain seperate entities

managed by in house IT private host, thrid praty providers

33
Q

The hourglass model of the internet

A

4 layers

Network technology substrates (LANs, wireless, satellite, dsl)

Transportation services and representation standards (IPv6/IPv4, TCP)

Middleware services (storage, security, authentification, file systems)

Applications (what you see on your phone etc.)

34
Q

Internet hardware architecture (tiers)

A

Tier 1) National: servers and connections that together form the “first mile” (worldwide backbone) of the internet

TIER 2) Region: Consists of regional servers and connections that link Tier 1 to tier 3

TIER 3) consists of regional servers and connections that link TIER 3 servers users

35
Q

TIER 1, 2 and 3 consists of

A

upwards of 1000 national IXP servers

upwards of 100,000 regional IXP servers

upwards of 100,000,000 local IXP servers

36
Q

IxPs and connections are owned by

A

Private and public network operators, telecom providers, universities, governments etc.

37
Q

Internet service providers

A

IaaS (ISPs that provide infrastructure)
SaaS (ISPs that provide software)
PaaS (ISPs that provide platforms for outsourcing and automating business processes

38
Q

Internet backbone

A

High-bandwidth fiber-optic cable networks

Private networks owned by a variety of NSPs

Bandwidth 155 Mbps - 2,5Gbps

39
Q

Internet exchange points (IXPs)

A

Hubs where backbones intersect with regional and local networks, and backbone owners connect with one another

40
Q

Tier 3 internet service providers (ISPs)

A

Privide end users (home/businesses) connection to the internet and internet services

41
Q

Internet of things: use the internet to connect a wide variety of devices, machines and senseors

A

Use existing technologies such as RFID 8bank cards)

Fitbits, smart fridge, smart weight scales

Smart TVs

Smart cars

Connected cars

42
Q

Limitations of current internet

A

Bandwidth liitations

Quality of service limitations (latency or best effort (no guarantee of delivery times of packages))

Network architecture limitations (network performance low if many ask 1 service)

First mile (server side) last mile (client side) congestions

Language development limitations (HTML)

Wired internet limitations

43
Q

Who governs the internet

A

Organizations that influence the internet and monitor its operations include

Internet architecture boarrd (IAB)

Internet corporation for assigned names and numbers (ICANN)

Internet engineering steering group (IETF)

Internet society (ISOC)

World wide web consortium (W3C)
International telecommunicaitons union (ITU)

44
Q

crwaling

A

Continuously reading - checking - moving - updating index

45
Q

Inexing the web

A

1) a googlebot crawls the web going from link to link

2) crawled pages are analyzed links, semantic analyses and javascript/css content

3) new data is added to index of keywords and the pages on which they appear

4) to deal with the scale of the web (google has laready indexed an estimated 30 trillion pages) google breaks it up into thousands of index shards (groups of million pages)

5) The indexing process runs continuously, processing billions of web pages a day. Pages with frequently updated content and links from other highly ranked sites are crawled more regularly and deeply, and given higher rank themselves

6) The index shards are stored on google servers (approximately 1 million), located in data centers around the world

46
Q

Process a search query

A

1) a user enters a search query on a desktop computer or mobile device. Google will make suggestions as the user types

2) the search request is sent totone of googles many servers

3) The server uses an algorithm to access the index database, find matching pages and compute a score, representing how good a match the page is for the query. The algorithm has 200 variables, including page rank, the quality and relevance of the content on the pages to the query, the context of the search (such as the users location and device being used) and the users previous search history.

4)Short text summaries (snippets) are generated for each result

5) results are delivered to the users, 10 to a page

47
Q

Mibile apps and the app ecosystem

A

204 billion apps downloaded from apple

over 3 million apps available

Business nodel:
Developers make apps, apple checks, apple sells apps, only the best succeed, developer revenues and apple revenue rises

Information management (15 decks)

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