Lecture 5.1: Amino Acid/ Protein Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

The 9 Essential Amino Acids

A

If : Isoleucine
Learned: Lysine
This: Threonine
Huge: Histidine
List: Leucine
May: Methionine
Prove: Phenylalanine
Truly: Tryptophan
Valuable: Valine

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2
Q

Where do amino acids come from?

A

Essential AAs come from diet
In addition to this, non-essential AAs can be synthesised by the body

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3
Q

Where do carbon atoms for amino acid synthesis come from? (3)

A

• Intermediates of glycolysis (C3)
• Pentose phosphate pathway (C4 and C5)
• Krebs cycle (C4 and C5)

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4
Q

What is transamination?

A

Amino group provided by other amino acids by the process of transamination or from ammonia

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5
Q

What compounds require Tyrosine for synthesis?

A

• Catecholamines
• Melanin
• Thyroid hormones

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6
Q

What compounds require Cysteine for synthesis?

A

• Hydrogen sulphide (signalling molecule)
• Glutathione

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7
Q

What compounds require Tryptophan for synthesis?

A

• Nicotinamide
• Serotonin (5HT)
• Melatonin

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8
Q

What compounds require Histidine for synthesis?

A

• Histamine

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9
Q

What compounds require Glutamate for synthesis?

A

• GABA

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10
Q

What compounds require Glycine for synthesis?

A

• Purines
• Glutathione
• Haem
• Creatine

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11
Q

What compounds require Arginine for synthesis?

A

• Nitric oxide

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12
Q

What compounds require Serine for synthesis?

A

• Sphingosine

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13
Q

Nitrogen Containing Compounds: Major

A

• Proteins
• Amino acids
• Purines + Pyrimidines (DNA /RNA)

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14
Q

Nitrogen Containing Compounds: Minor

A

• Porphyrins (haem)
• Creatine
• Neurotransmitters (e.g. dopamine)
• Some hormones (e.g. adrenaline)

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15
Q

Nitrogen Balance: Zero N balance

A

(N equilibrium)
Intake = output
No change in total body protein
Normal state in adult

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16
Q

Nitrogen Balance: Positive N balance

A

Intake > output
Increase in total body protein
Normal state during growth and pregnancy
Or in adult recovering from malnutrition.

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17
Q

Nitrogen Balance: Negative N balance

A

Intake < output
Net loss of body protein
Never normal
Causes include trauma, illness, burns or malnutrition

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18
Q

Creatinine

A

• A useful clinical marker
• Breakdown product of creatine and creatine phosphate in muscle
• Produced at constant rate depending on muscle mass
• Creatinine urine excretion over 24h proportional to muscle mass
• Also commonly used as indicator of renal function (↑ in blood → damage to nephrons)

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19
Q

Creatinine: Excreted in urine per day (M/F)

A

• Men 14-26 mg/kg
• Women 11-20 mg/kg

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20
Q

When does mobilisation of protein reserves occur?

A

Occurs during extreme stress (starvation)
Under hormonal control

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21
Q

Mobilisation of Protein Reserves: Insulin and Growth Hormone

A

Effect on protein synthesis: Increases
Effect on protein degradation: Decreases

22
Q

Mobilisation of Protein Reserves: Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol)

A

Effect on protein synthesis: Decreases
Effect on protein degradation: Increases

23
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

A

Excessive breakdown of protein
Excess cortisol
Weakens skin structure leading to striae formation

24
Q

Why is removal of Nitrogen from Amino Acids important?

A

Removal of NH2 is essential →allows carbon skeleton of amino acids to be used in oxidative metabolism

Removed N can be incorporated into other compounds or excreted from body as urea

25
Q

Pathways of Removal of Nitrogen from Amino Acids (2)

A

Two main pathways facilitate removal of N from amino acids:

• Transamination: switches NH2 from an amino acid to a ketoacid creating a
new amino acid
• Deamination: removes ammonia (NH3)

26
Q

Transamination (4)

A

The NH2 group from one amino acid is transferred to α-ketoglutarate, which becomes glutamate

Most aminotransferases use α-ketoglutarate to funnel the amino group to glutamate

Keto acid is produced from the initial amino acid

Aminotransferases require the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate, a derivative of vitamin B6

27
Q

Aminotransferases

A

They are Important Diagnostic Markers

Plasma ALT and AST levels measured routinely as part of liver function test

Levels particularly high in conditions that cause extensive cellular necrosis
such as:
• Viral hepatitis
• Autoimmune LiverDiseases
• Toxic injury

28
Q

Aminotransferases: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

A

Converts alanine to glutamate

29
Q

Aminotransferases: Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

A

Converts aspartate to glutamate

30
Q

Deamination

A

Releases NH2 as free ammonia
Also important in deamination of dietary D-amino acids
Converted to urea or excreted directly in urine
Keto acids can be utilised for energy
At physiological pH, ammonia (NH3) is rapidly converted to ammonium 4 ion (NH +)

31
Q

Which enzymes can deaminate amino acids?

A

• Amino acid oxidases
• Glutaminase
• Glutamate dehydrogenase

32
Q

Where does Deamination occur? Why is it important?

A

Mainly occurs in liver and kidney
Ammonia (and ammonium ions*) is very toxic and must be removed

33
Q

Biochemical Basis of Ammonia Toxicity

A

Readily diffusible and extremely toxic to brain
Blood level needs to kept low (25 – 40 μmol/l)
Several potential toxic effects

34
Q

Several potential toxic effects of Ammonia Toxicity

A

• Interference with amino acid transport and proteinsynthesis
• pH effects(alkaline)
• Interference with TCA cycle (reacts with α-ketoglutarate toform glutamate)
• Alteration of the blood–brainbarrier
• Disruption of cerebral blood flow
• Interference with metabolism of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters (e.g.
glutamate andaspartate)

35
Q

Urea

A

• High N content
• Non-toxic
• Extremely water soluble
• Chemically inert in humans (bacteria can break it down to release NH3)

36
Q

Urea: where made? where removed? function?

A

• Synthesised in liver by the urea cycle
• Most urea is excreted in urine via the kidneys
• Also performs useful osmotic role in kidney tubules

37
Q

Urea Cycle: where + overview

A

Occurs in liver and involves 5 enzymes
Amount of urea cycle enzymes normally related to need to dispose of ammonia as urea

38
Q

Urea Cycle: Regulation

A

Cycle is inducible but not regulated:
• High protein diet induces enzymes
• Low protein diet or starvation represses enzymes

39
Q

Re-feeding Syndrome

A

Can occur when nutritional support given to severely malnourished patients

Ammonia toxicity significant factor (urea cycle down regulated)

Re-feed at 5 to 10 kcal/kg/day

Raise gradually to full needs within a week

40
Q

Defects in the Urea Cycle

A

Autosomal recessive disorders caused by deficiency of one of enzymes in the urea cycle

Mutations cause a partial loss of enzyme function

41
Q

Defects in the Urea Cycle: Effects

A

Leads to:
• hyperammonaemia
• accumulation/excretion of urea cycle intermediates

42
Q

Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OCT) Deficiency

A

Severity depends on:
• nature of defect
• amount of protein eaten

Severe urea cycle disorders symptoms within 1 day of birth, if untreated child will die

Mild urea cycle enzyme deficiencies may not show symptoms until early childhood

43
Q

Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OCT) Deficiency: Symptoms

A

• Vomiting
• Lethargy
• Irritability
• Mental retardation
• Seizures
• Coma

44
Q

Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OCT) Deficiency: Management

A

• Low protein diet
• Replace amino acids in diet with keto acids

45
Q

Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders

A

• Either total or more commonly partial loss of enzyme activity
• If untreated, frequently lead to intellectual impairment
• Treatment involves restricting the amount of specific amino acids in diet

46
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU): What is it?

A

• Most common inborn error of amino acid metabolism
• Deficiency in phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)
• Autosomal recessive (chromosome 12)
• Accumulation of phenylalanine in tissue, plasma and urine
• Phenylketones in urine
• Phenylketones oxidised to phenylacetate give musty smell

47
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU): Treatments

A

• Strictly controlled low phenylalanine diet plus supplementation with tyrosine
• Avoid artificial sweeteners (contain phenylalanine)
• Avoid high protein foods such as meat, milk, and eggs

48
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU): Symptoms

A

• Severe intellectual disability
• Developmental delay
• Microcephaly (small head)
• Seizures
• Hypopigmentation

49
Q

Homocystinurias: What is it?

A

• Defect in cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is the most common (defect in methionine synthase also possible)
• Autosomal recessive disorders
• Excess homocystine (oxidised form of homocysteine) excreted in urine
• Accumulation of homocysteine and methionine causes disease symptoms

50
Q

Homocystinurias: Treatments

A

• Low-methionine diet
• Avoid milk, meat, fish, cheese, eggs
• Nuts, and peanut butter also contain methionine
• Cysteine, vit B6, Betaine, B12 and folate supplements

51
Q

Homocystinurias: Symptoms

A

• Disclocation of the lens
• Long limbs and fingers
• Intellectual disability