Lecture 1.1: Introduction to Metabolism Flashcards
What is Nutrition and Whole Body Metabolism?
Considers the energy and nutrient requirements of the body, and the regulation of body weight
What is Cellular Metabolism?
Considers the chemical reactions and transformations that go on inside cells and tissues, and how they are controlled
What is Endocrinology?
Considers how the metabolism of cells and tissues is integrated to serve the needs of the whole body
under different physiological conditions
What is Metabolism?
All chemical reactions involved in maintaining the
living state of the cells in our body
What 4 Types of Pathways are involved in Metabolism?
- Degradative Pathways (food–>energy)
- Detoxification Pathways
- Fuel Storage & Mobilisation Pathways
- Biosynthetic Pathways
Catabolic Reactions
Breaking down of larger molecules to smaller ones with
release of energy
Anabolic Reactions
Using energy and smaller molecules to synthesise larger ones
What is Lactose Intolerance?
Lactose intolerance occurs when your small intestine doesn’t produce enough of an enzyme (lactase) to digest milk sugar (lactose)
What 2 sugars is lactose broken down into?
Galactose and Glucose
Signs and Symptoms of Lactose Intolerance (6)
- Diarrhoea
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Stomach Cramps
- Bloating
- Gas
How many animo acids are “essential”? What does this mean?
- 9
- It means they cannot be generated by the body, must
come from diet
Mnemonic to remember the essential amino acids
If: Isoleucine
Learned: Lysine
This: Threonine
Huge: Histidine
List: Leucine
May: Methionine
Prove: Phenylalanine
Truly: Tryptophan
Valuable: Valine
What are the fat-soluble vitamins? (4)
A, D, K, E
Structure of Triacylglycerols
(3 fatty acids esterified to 1 glycerol)
What happens with Vit.A deficiency?
- Xerophthalmia
- The spectrum of ocular disease caused by severe
Vitamin A deficiency
What happens with Vit.D deficiency? (2)
- Rickets (children)
- Osteomalacia (adults or children)
What happens with Vit.K deficiency?
Defective blood clotting
What happens with Vit.E deficiency?
Neurologic abnormalities (ataxia, dysarthria, areflexia)
What happens with Vit.B1 (Thiamine) deficiency?
Beriberi
What happens with Vit.B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency?
Anaemia
What happens with Vit.B6 (Pyridoxine) deficiency? (2)
- Dermatitis
- Anaemia
What happens with Vit.B7 (Biotin) deficiency? (3)
- Alopecia
- Scaly Skin
- CNS defects
What happens with Vit.C deficiency?
Scurvy
What happens with Vit.B9 (Folate/folic acid) deficiency? (2)
- Neural tube defects
- Anaemia
What happens with Vit.B3 (Niacin) deficiency?
Pellagra
What happens with Vit.B5 (Pantothenic acid) deficiency?
- Fatigue
- Apathy
What happens with Vit.B2 (Riboflavin) deficiency?
Ariboflavinosis
Low fibre intake associated with…? (2)
- Constipation
- Bowel Cancer
High fibre diet is shown to reduce…? (2)
- Cholesterol
- Risk of diabetes
What is the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)?
Average amount needed in a day to maintain good health
What is the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)?
Average amount needed in a day to maintain good health
What does RDA depend on?
- Depends on age/gender/level of physical activity
- Increased in pregnancy and lactation
What part of our diets is Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI) used for?
- Protein
- Vitamins
- Minerals
What part of our diets is Estimated Average Requirement( EAR) used for?
EAR used for energy
70 kg adult male how many daily calories?
2800
58 kg adult female how many daily calories?
2000
Daily energy expenditure is the sum of? (3)
- Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
- Diet-Induced Thermogenesis (DIT) (energy required to
process food) - Physical activity level (PAL)
What is the Basal Metabolic Rate?
Energy required by an individual during physical, digestive and emotional rest at 18oC, sum of all tissues in the body
What is Activity (Muscular Work)?
Amount depends on type, intensity and duration of activity
What is Specific Dynamic Action of Food?
Energy cost of ingestion, digestion and absorption of food
What is another way energy is lost?
Via heat
Factors affecting BMR (6)
- Body size (surface area)
- Gender (males higher than female)
- Environmental temperature (increases in cold)
- Endocrine status (increased in hyperthyroidism)
- Body temperature (~12% increase per degree(fever)
- Pregnancy and lactation
BMI Calculation
Weight (kg)/ Height^2 (m)
Greater proportion of fat in upper body, (especially abdomen), compared to the hips associated with increased risk of…? (7)
- Insulin resistance
- Hyperinsulinism
- Type 2 diabetes
- Hypertension
- Hyperlipidaemia
- Stroke
- Premature death
What is Malnutrition?
Lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat
What is Kwashiorkors Disease?
Occurs when protein deprivation is greater than total energy intake commonly seen in ~ 1 year old children
Symptoms of Kwashiorkors Disease (5)
- Oedema
- Stunted Growth
- Decreased Fat/Muscle Mass
- Enlarged Live
- Anaemia
What is Marasmus?
Occurs when calorie deprivation is greater than
reduction in protein intake commonly seen in children younger than 1 year
Symptoms of Marasmus (5)
- Arrested Growth
- Extreme Muscle Wasting
- Loss of Fat
- Anaemia
What is Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST)?
- A five-step screening tool to identify adults, who are
malnourished, at risk of malnutrition, or obese - It also includes management guidelines which can be
used to develop a care plan
What are the 5 Steps of MUST?: Step 1
- Measure weight & height
- Calculate BMI
What are the 5 Steps of MUST?: Step 2
- Percentage (unplanned) weight loss
What are the 5 Steps of MUST?: Step 3
- Establish acute disease effect and score (no
intake for >5 days)
What are the 5 Steps of MUST?: Step 4
- Add scores from steps 1-3
What are the 5 Steps of MUST?: Step 5
- Develop a nutritional care plan
