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Metabolism > Lecture 1.1: Introduction to Metabolism > Flashcards

Lecture 1.1: Introduction to Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is Nutrition and Whole Body Metabolism?

A

Considers the energy and nutrient requirements of the body, and the regulation of body weight

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2
Q

What is Cellular Metabolism?

A

Considers the chemical reactions and transformations that go on inside cells and tissues, and how they are controlled

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3
Q

What is Endocrinology?

A

Considers how the metabolism of cells and tissues is integrated to serve the needs of the whole body
under different physiological conditions

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4
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

All chemical reactions involved in maintaining the
living state of the cells in our body

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5
Q

What 4 Types of Pathways are involved in Metabolism?

A
  • Degradative Pathways (food–>energy)
  • Detoxification Pathways
  • Fuel Storage & Mobilisation Pathways
  • Biosynthetic Pathways
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6
Q

Catabolic Reactions

A

Breaking down of larger molecules to smaller ones with
release of energy

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7
Q

Anabolic Reactions

A

Using energy and smaller molecules to synthesise larger ones

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8
Q

What is Lactose Intolerance?

A

Lactose intolerance occurs when your small intestine doesn’t produce enough of an enzyme (lactase) to digest milk sugar (lactose)

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9
Q

What 2 sugars is lactose broken down into?

A

Galactose and Glucose

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10
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Lactose Intolerance (6)

A
  • Diarrhoea
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Stomach Cramps
  • Bloating
  • Gas
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11
Q

How many animo acids are “essential”? What does this mean?

A
  • 9
  • It means they cannot be generated by the body, must
    come from diet
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12
Q

Mnemonic to remember the essential amino acids

A

If: Isoleucine
Learned: Lysine
This: Threonine
Huge: Histidine
List: Leucine
May: Methionine
Prove: Phenylalanine
Truly: Tryptophan
Valuable: Valine

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13
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins? (4)

A

A, D, K, E

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14
Q

Structure of Triacylglycerols

A

(3 fatty acids esterified to 1 glycerol)

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15
Q

What happens with Vit.A deficiency?

A
  • Xerophthalmia
  • The spectrum of ocular disease caused by severe
    Vitamin A deficiency
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16
Q

What happens with Vit.D deficiency? (2)

A
  • Rickets (children)
  • Osteomalacia (adults or children)
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17
Q

What happens with Vit.K deficiency?

A

Defective blood clotting

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18
Q

What happens with Vit.E deficiency?

A

Neurologic abnormalities (ataxia, dysarthria, areflexia)

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19
Q

What happens with Vit.B1 (Thiamine) deficiency?

A

Beriberi

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20
Q

What happens with Vit.B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency?

A

Anaemia

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21
Q

What happens with Vit.B6 (Pyridoxine) deficiency? (2)

A
  • Dermatitis
  • Anaemia
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22
Q

What happens with Vit.B7 (Biotin) deficiency? (3)

A
  • Alopecia
  • Scaly Skin
  • CNS defects
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23
Q

What happens with Vit.C deficiency?

A

Scurvy

24
Q

What happens with Vit.B9 (Folate/folic acid) deficiency? (2)

A
  • Neural tube defects
  • Anaemia
25
Q

What happens with Vit.B3 (Niacin) deficiency?

A

Pellagra

26
Q

What happens with Vit.B5 (Pantothenic acid) deficiency?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Apathy
27
Q

What happens with Vit.B2 (Riboflavin) deficiency?

A

Ariboflavinosis

28
Q

Low fibre intake associated with…? (2)

A
  • Constipation
  • Bowel Cancer
29
Q

High fibre diet is shown to reduce…? (2)

A
  • Cholesterol
  • Risk of diabetes
30
Q

What is the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)?

A

Average amount needed in a day to maintain good health

31
Q

What is the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)?

A

Average amount needed in a day to maintain good health

32
Q

What does RDA depend on?

A
  • Depends on age/gender/level of physical activity
  • Increased in pregnancy and lactation
33
Q

What part of our diets is Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI) used for?

A
  • Protein
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
34
Q

What part of our diets is Estimated Average Requirement( EAR) used for?

A

EAR used for energy

35
Q

70 kg adult male how many daily calories?

A

2800

36
Q

58 kg adult female how many daily calories?

A

2000

37
Q

Daily energy expenditure is the sum of? (3)

A
  • Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
  • Diet-Induced Thermogenesis (DIT) (energy required to
    process food)
  • Physical activity level (PAL)
38
Q

What is the Basal Metabolic Rate?

A

Energy required by an individual during physical, digestive and emotional rest at 18oC, sum of all tissues in the body

39
Q

What is Activity (Muscular Work)?

A

Amount depends on type, intensity and duration of activity

40
Q

What is Specific Dynamic Action of Food?

A

Energy cost of ingestion, digestion and absorption of food

41
Q

What is another way energy is lost?

A

Via heat

42
Q

Factors affecting BMR (6)

A
  • Body size (surface area)
  • Gender (males higher than female)
  • Environmental temperature (increases in cold)
  • Endocrine status (increased in hyperthyroidism)
  • Body temperature (~12% increase per degree(fever)
  • Pregnancy and lactation
43
Q

BMI Calculation

A

Weight (kg)/ Height^2 (m)

44
Q

Greater proportion of fat in upper body, (especially abdomen), compared to the hips associated with increased risk of…? (7)

A
  • Insulin resistance
  • Hyperinsulinism
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • Hypertension
  • Hyperlipidaemia
  • Stroke
  • Premature death
45
Q

What is Malnutrition?

A

Lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat

46
Q

What is Kwashiorkors Disease?

A

Occurs when protein deprivation is greater than total energy intake commonly seen in ~ 1 year old children

47
Q

Symptoms of Kwashiorkors Disease (5)

A
  • Oedema
  • Stunted Growth
  • Decreased Fat/Muscle Mass
  • Enlarged Live
  • Anaemia
48
Q

What is Marasmus?

A

Occurs when calorie deprivation is greater than
reduction in protein intake commonly seen in children younger than 1 year

49
Q

Symptoms of Marasmus (5)

A
  • Arrested Growth
  • Extreme Muscle Wasting
  • Loss of Fat
  • Anaemia
50
Q

What is Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST)?

A
  • A five-step screening tool to identify adults, who are
    malnourished, at risk of malnutrition, or obese
  • It also includes management guidelines which can be
    used to develop a care plan
51
Q

What are the 5 Steps of MUST?: Step 1

A
  • Measure weight & height
  • Calculate BMI
52
Q

What are the 5 Steps of MUST?: Step 2

A
  • Percentage (unplanned) weight loss
53
Q

What are the 5 Steps of MUST?: Step 3

A
  • Establish acute disease effect and score (no
    intake for >5 days)
54
Q

What are the 5 Steps of MUST?: Step 4

A
  • Add scores from steps 1-3
55
Q

What are the 5 Steps of MUST?: Step 5

A
  • Develop a nutritional care plan

Metabolism (16 decks)

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