Lecture #5 Service Delivery Flashcards
Service Delivery Models:
- Relative Isolation
- Integration
- Inclusion
What stimulated changes to happen in service delivery model?
- Human conflict
- Formation of humanitarian organizations (e.g. United Nations in 1940s)
-Legislation to protect the rights of people with impairments - In the present: Covid 19, created big opportunities for change.
Service Delivery Model: 1. Relative isolation:
Very old model (1900-1950s)
- E.g. institutions, residential programs, special schools – where people resided
- Strong segregation occurred in most cases
What model is Relative isolation’s model based on?
Facilities-based model
Why are people segregated as in Relative isolation, facility-based model?
- Fear of mental illness
- not understanding
- “they don’t look normal”
- their needs are different
- Doctors recommendation to let their children in the institution better that being with the parents
What are some consequences of the relative isolation model?
- People viewed and treated as victims or patients
- Few opportunities for interactions with society
- Limited opportunities to have choices
- Limited education; Sometimes too focused on training
- Minimal opportunities for recreation; Physical activity prescribed to fix/correct medical conditions
- Mistreatment, abuse, lack of privacy and respect in the institution
Sexual Sterilization Act of Alberta (1928-1972). What happened?
“Eugenics.” Women with “problematic” genes were prevented from having babies by removing their uterus without consent.
What is Eugenics?
Eugenicists worldwide believed that they could perfect human beings and eliminate so-called social ills through genetics and heredity
How about Segregated/Specialized Programs in this day?
We hope that they are based on choice and that they have enough experience.
What are some advantages of Segregated Programs?
- Some choose segregated programs
- Focus on the needs of the individual
- Allows 1-on-1 or small-group instruction
People should not be placed in segregated programs just because of what?
just because of physical, intellectual, emotional or social differences
Integration Model:
Works on the integration of people with impairments learn, work, and recreate among people without impairments
What model is the Integration Model based on?
A Services Based Model (emerged in the 1950’s) After the Relative Isolation Model
Why did the Integration model emerge?
- Public outcry: by activists movement
- WWII Veterans
- Research: impairment fear-based
- Change in thinking - Normalization
What was the key to how Integration Model immerged?
The concept of Normalization
What is the principle of Normalization - Integration Model?
People with impairments had the right to lead a life as close as possible to people without impairments.
- The idea that “the average life is the ideal life.”
What are the types of Integration in the system?
a. Mainstreaming
b. Least Restrictive Environment
Mainstreaming (integration model):
- People with impairments join programs for people without impairments
- Regular placement while still providing specialized services
- On an individual basis following assessment
What are the disadvantages of mainstreaming?
- Often applied inappropriately because of lack of planning or specialized staff
- Used as a “dumping ground for disability”, people with more severe disability tend to not get enough attention for their cases. (no proper planning or support)
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) (integration model):
- matches abilities with services
- many placement options and services
- movement up or down the spectrum depending on readiness (based on level of needs)
- designed for all people, not just those with mild intellectual impairments
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) example as a continuum in a community recreation program:
Goal: Participation in LRE:
1- Totally segregated programs
2- Segregated community programs
3- Formal integration
4- Spontaneous integration
What are some disadvantages of Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)?
- One environment may not prepare people for more integrated environments
- Movement through the continuum rarely happened
- “Authorized” segregation/restrictive environments
What is Reverse Integration (RI)? Example?
It is a program made specifically for disabled people, and disabled people would serve as an integration agent.
- Primarily associated with parasport
eg. wheelchair basketball
Why would the Reverse Integration (RI) be better?
- create more equitable participation
- highlight the abilities of participants, and
- bring awareness to attitudinal and architectural barriers
Inclusion Model:
Emerged in the 1980’s
- There is no one definition
- Everyone included
- Merger of regular and special education
What models is Inclusion Model based on?
- A supports-based model
- A person-first model
State the definitions of Inclusion:
- “Inclusion must be re-conceptualized as an attitude or process.”
- “…a philosophical approach to implementing social justice.”
- “…individuals with a disability, to have choice (informed choice) and to have choices.”
- “…a sense of belonging, acceptance and value….a subjective experience…”
What are some disadvantages to the Inclusion Model?
- Enforces unwanted activities
eg. Placement mandate outweighed individual needs - Ignored parental preferences
- Problems with quality of educational programs
- Lack of qualified staff
- Lack of focus on the individual experience
How do we create diversity?
- Listening to unfamiliar voices
- Being open
- Celebrating difference in dignified ways
- Participatory democracy
