Lecture 5 - Qualitative research design Flashcards
(!) Describe qualitative research in general & situations for its use?
General:
- Rich
- Subjective dim.
- Few, theoretical relevant cases
- Open, emergent & flexible
- On-going process
- Researcher = Research instrument
- Constantly review decisions & approaches
- Continuous reflecting & awareness
- No linearity
Situations:
- Little knowledge
- Theory building
- Small sample size
- Phenomena studied in context/natural setting
Sampling:
- Small
- Purposive > Random
- Theory driven
(!) What are the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative research?
Strengths:
- Deep & rich data: Detailed
- Open & flexible design
- Build theory
- Context sensitive
- Participant perspective: Data by own categories
- Describe & understand process & change: Chronological flow
- Identify unanticipated phenomena & influence
- Analytical generalization
- Integrate multiple perspectives
Weaknesses:
- Time demanding
- Often data overload
- Very subjective
- Low generalizability
- Labour intensive & extensive
- Hard access & sufficiency of sampling
- Weaker conclusion credibility & quality
- Low theory test ability
- Difficult to predict
Describe the main steps of qualitative research
- Research question
- Select relevant sites & subjects
- Collect relevant data
- Interpret data
- Conceptual framework
5.a. (Tighter specify research question)
5.b. (Collect further data) - Findings & conclusions
Describe the spiraling research approach
Describe the model for qualitative research design
Goals:
- Why are you doing this study?
Conceptual Framework:
- What do you think is going on?
- Maps researchers expectation
- Maps the investigated: May change
- Display main conceptual ideas, key factors, constructs & their relation: Who & what
- Multiple researchers help focus & agreeing on terms, subject & study object
- Sensitize concepts: Dansk: Blødgør
- Central as outset & outcome
- Graphical > Text
Research questions:
- What do you want to understand?
- General, particular, descriptive or explanatory
- Implicit or explicit suggest poss. analyze type
Methods:
- What will you actually do?
Validity:
- How might you be wrong?
(!) Describe the approaches/strategies to qualitative research
Phenomenology:
- Individual lived experience
Narrative research:
- Focus on the story
- Discover regularities
- Explore process, activity & event
- Eg. Experience of event
Ethnography:
- Explore process, activity & event
- Discover regularities
- Eg. Cultural differences?
Grounded theory:
- Systematic data collection
- Theory grounded in data
- Understand how actors construct meaning from experience
- Only use term if Glaser & Strauss approach
- Discover regularities
- Explore process, activity & event
Case study:
- Discover regularities
- Explore process, activity & event
Action research:
- Collaborative problem solving: w. Participants
- When giving suggestions
(!) Describe case studies
General:
- Specific topic
- Concrete manifestation of abstraction
- Design / Strategy > Data collection method
- Inductive theory
- Define edge of case
Case:
- Phenomenon in bounded context: Site / setting
- Unit of analysis
Ability:
- Describe
- Explore
- Explain
- Test theory: Falsifying
- Tell compelling story
Reasons:
- Accuracy to context
- Comprehensive
- Rich & deep
- Dynamic/process: Develop over time
When:
- At beginning of research
- When new perspectives needed
- Understand processes
- Important context
- Understand relations & complexity
Cases:
- Role
- Small group
- Organization
- Space & environment
- Community or settlement
- Episodes or encounters
- Event
- Period of time
- Process
- Culture or subculture
- Nation
(!) Describe the different cases
Extreme or unique case:
- Study outliers
- Maximum variance
- Unusual manifestation of phenomenon
- Worth documenting
- Rate
Typical case:
- Study typical case
- Eg. Study teaching
- Inform about average
- Illustrate the recognizable
Critical case:
- Best practice
- Prove main finding
- Confirm, challenge or extend existing theory
- Dramatic demonstration
Revelatory case:
- Previously inaccessible or not studied
Longitudinal case:
- Change over time
Intensity sampling:
- Study case exposed to intense experience of object
Homogeneous sampling:
- Similarities
Criterion sampling:
- Eg. ROI<20
(!) Describe the considerations for within case sampling & selecting multiple cases
Within case sampling:
- Almost always nested: Multi stage
- Theoretically driven
- Choices due to conceptual questions
- Has iterative quality
- Single case make exact fit
__________
Multiple case sampling
General:
- Trade-off: Dept vs. difference
- Replication logic
- Seek saturation: Min. 5
- Conceptual > Representative
Advantages:
- Add confidence: Robustness
- Show appliance to other cases
- Poss. comparison
- Enable broader exploration
- Reduce alternative explanations
- Show variations & boundaries
- Stronger for theory building: More accurate & generalizable
Disadvantages:
- Time & resources
- More complex theory
- Not exact fit
(?) Describe quality in qualitative research in general
General:
- No standard & control
- Researcher bias
- Low samples
From quantitative to qualitative:
Internal validity –> Credibility
Generalizability –> Transferability
Reliability –> Dependability
Replicability –> Confirmability
Transparency:
- An audit trail
- Clear about steps
- Rationalize choices
- Accept & expose limitations
- Display data
Triangulation:
- Method triangulation: Different methods for same phenomenon
- Data triangulation: Multiple data for each statement
- Forms: Sources, datatypes, researcher & theory
(!) Describe qualitative biases & solutions for it
Hawthorne effect:
- Awareness of being observed
Social desirability bias:
- Over-report admirable attitudes & behavior
- Solution: Ask indirectly. Rephrase
Going native:
- Lost objectivity since identify & act like participants
- Forget they are researchers
__________
Solutions:
- Make intentions clear to participants
- Researcher stay on site
- Avoid narrow measures
- Spread out participants
- Spend time away from site
- Keep conceptual thinking
- Informant validation
Describe the ethics in qualitative research
Preparing study:
Considerations:
- Benefit vs. harm
- Sensitive data
Solutions:
- Explain purpose
- Ethical register & store data
_________
Collecting data:
- Respect
- Little disturbance
- Avoid deceiving participants
Solutions:
- Written consent
- Opportunity for withdrawal
- Ethical data use
- Time of deleting data
_________
Analyzing data:
- Inclusion & exclusion of voices
Solutions:
- Seek disconfirmation
- Include multiple perspectives
_________
Reporting data:
- Avoid exhibiting participants: Dansk: Udstille
- False evidence
- Plagiarism
Solutions:
- Anonymize
- Honest reporting
- Proper referencing
(!) Describe instrumentation & when to use it & not
General:
- Specific methods for collecting data
- Amount of tools used
__________
Little need of prior instrumentation:
- Inductive
- Exploratory intent
- Descriptive intent
- Single case
- Simple case
- No comparing or generalizing
- Need rich context description
- Local concept
- Basic research emphasis
- Simple & manageable case
- Avoid researcher impact
- Only qualitative
__________
A lot of prior instrumentation:
- Confirmatory intent
- Explanatory intent
- Theory-driven
- If known what we seek
- Context less crucial
- Multiple cases
- Concepts defined by researcher: Construct
- Applied, evaluation or policy emphasis
- Comparability & generalizability important
- Complex case
- Researcher impact less concern
- Multi method & quantitative
(!) Describe quality criteria across paradigms by Tracy
Worthy topic:
Research topic is:
- Relevant
- Timely
- Significant
- Interesting
__________
Rich rigor:
Study use sufficient, appropriate & complex:
- Theoretical constructs
- Samples
- Data collection
- Data analysis processes
- Data & time in field
- Contexts
__________
Sincerity:
Study characterize as:
- Reflect on subjective values, bias & researcher inclination
- Transparency about methods & challenges
__________
Credibility:
Research has:
- Thick description
- Concrete detail
- Explicit the tacit knowledge
- Member reflection
- Show > Tell
- Triangulation or crystallize: Short suspend paper
- Multi vocality
__________
Resonance:
Research influence, affect or move audience through:
- Transferable finding
- Naturalistic generalization
- Aesthetic
- Evocative representation
__________
Significant contribution:
- Conceptually/theoretically
- Practically
- Morally
- Methodologically
- Heuristically
__________
Ethical:
- Procedural ethics: Human subjects
- Situational & culturally specific ethics
- Relational ethics
- Exiting ethics: Leaving scene & share research
__________
Meaningful coherence:
- Achieve purpose
- Used method & procedure fit goals
- Meaningfully interconnect literature, RQ´s, finding, & interpretation
