Lecture 5: Planes and Axes

Question 1

Anatomical Position

Answer 1

Reference position for human body

standing upright
arms down
palms forward
knees together
toes forward

Question 2

Neutral position

Answer 2

Segment or jt. position where the angle is defined as zero degrees

Question 3

Plane

Answer 3

an imaginary, perfectly flat surface

Question 4

Principal planes

Answer 4

sagittal plane (divides left and right - cuts btwn eyes)

frontal plane (divides front and back - cuts from ear to ear)

transverse plane (divides top from bottom)

Question 5

Axis

Answer 5

each plane has one axis - its normal vector

the line that is at right angles to the plane

Question 6

Principal axis and planes

Answer 6

Sagittal plane - mediolateral axis (ML)

Frontal plane - anterior-posterior axis (AP)

Transverse plane - internal external rotation axis (IE) for appendicular
- superior-inferior for axial skeleton
- longitudinal axis in general

Question 7

How are plane and axis for a movement determined?

Answer 7

Plane is determined as the one that is parallel to the direction of the movement

Axis is perpendicular to the plane AFTER plan is established

Question 8

Flexion/extension of:

hip, knee, elbow, shoulder, spine

Answer 8

Sagittal plane
ML axis

Question 9

Plantar + Dorsiflexion of ankle

Answer 9

Sagittal plane
ML axis

Question 10

Nodding yes at neck

Answer 10

Sagittal plane
ML axis

Question 11

Sagittal plane

Answer 11

ML axis

Flexion/extension
(fwd/backward movement)

Question 12

Abduction/adduction

Answer 12

Frontal plane
AP axis

Question 13

Inversion/eversion at ankle

Answer 13

Frontal plane/Transverse plane
AP axis/IE axis

1/2 in frontal plane and half in transverse plane

Question 14

Lateral flexion of neck

Answer 14

Frontal plane
AP axis

Question 15

Internal and external rotation at hip, shoulder

Answer 15

Transverse plane
IE axis

Question 16

Shaking head no

Answer 16

Transverse plane
IE axis

Question 17

Transverse extension and transverse flexion

Answer 17

ONLY at SHOULDER

Sagittal plane, ML axis

ABDUCT arm FIRST to be in transverse plane THEN flex/extend

Question 18

Radial and ulnar deviation

Answer 18

Frontal plane
AP axis

Question 19

Upward and downward rotation

Answer 19

Frontal plane
AP axis

At acromioclavicular jt

Question 20

Transverse abduction and adduction

Answer 20

Frontal plane
AP axis

FLEX arm FIRST (in front at 90) then ABDUCT/ADDUCT

Question 21

Elevation and depression of scapula

Answer 21

Translation

Longitudinal axis (leaving transverse plane)
- staying withing sagittal and frontal planes

• moving in a straight line along longitudinal axis

Question 22

Translation and planes

Answer 22

Choose the axis that the jt is moving in a straight line along

Question 23

Shooting jaw forward

Answer 23

Anterior-posterior axis (leaving frontal plane)
- staying within sagittal and transverse plane

Question 24

Pronation and supination

Answer 24

Transverse plane
IE axis

Question 25

Transverse (lateral) rotation of vertebral column

Answer 25

Transverse plane
IE axis

Question 26

Protraction and retraction of sternoclavicular jt.

Answer 26

Mediolateral axis (leaving sagittal plane)
- staying in frontal and transverse planes

Ex. seated row

Question 27

Anthropometrics and body type

Answer 27

Ppl w/ the same ethnic background, nutrition and upbringing could still result in different anthropometric measurements