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Kin 2241: Biomechanics > Lecture 3: The Skeleton > Flashcards

Lecture 3: The Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Axial skeleton

A

skull, spine, ribcage

supports what is necessary for life (can survive w/ ONLY axial skeleton)

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2
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

upper extremities, lower extermities, pelvis

pelvis can be axial

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3
Q

The Spine

A

5 sections:

Cervical spine (7)
Thoracic spine (12)
Lumbar spine (5)
Sacrum
Coccyx

Has lordortic (fwd) and kyphotic (bwd) curves

  • weak point of skeleton b/c of lots of motion + lots of loading
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4
Q

Cervical spine

A

(7) - Neck

  • flexion/extension (nodding) + rotation (shaking head)
  • lordotic
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5
Q

Thoracic spine

A

(12) - Ribcage

  • protects heart and lungs
  • does NOT twist
  • kyphotic
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6
Q

Lumbar spine

A

(5) - low back

  • can twist
  • lordotic
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7
Q

Sacrum

A

part of pelvis

5 separate vertebrae as fetus THEN fused by birth

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8
Q

Coccyx

A

Tail bone

  • anchor for many connextive tissues that make up pelvic floor
    NOT vestigial
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9
Q

Hardest bone in body

A

Teeth then sternum

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10
Q

Functions of skeleton

A
  1. attachment for muscles
  2. leverage for applying torque to jts.
  3. protects vital organs (brain, lungs, heart)
  4. support soft tissue
  5. making new RBCs (long bones have bone marrow)
  6. reservoir for calcium and phosphate
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11
Q

Wolff’s Law of Bone

A

Use it or lose it (remodeling)

Bone is laid down in areas of high stress, bone is lost in areas of low stress

Osteoblasts lay down bone continuously
Osteoclasts break down bone continuously

Stress adjusts the balance btwn both

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12
Q

Stress shielding

A

stiff metal implant offloads the surrounding bone so the bone resorbs

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13
Q

Charnley hip replacement

A

included a phalange on stem implanted
- under phalange, there is no bone after a few months b/c metal is stronger then bone
- load goes through metal and not bone = osteoclasts work and causes loosening of jt.

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14
Q

Today’s hip replacement

A

metal implants have thinner stems w/ less metal = more load goes into bones

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15
Q

Types of bones

A

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular

Function is related to shape

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16
Q

Long bones

A

Usually in extremities (app. skeleton)

  • Act as levers for muscles about jts.
  • Larger in legs than arms
  • hollow, rigid, long, light

Ex. femur, tibia, humerus, radius, ulna

17
Q

Short bones

A
  • tightly packed
  • provide SHOCK ABSORPTION and FLEXIBILITY of movement

Ex. carpals, tarsals

18
Q

Flat bones

A

Provide PROTECTION to underlying organs

Ex. cranium of skull, ilium of pelvis

19
Q

Irregular bones

A
  • fulfill multiple roles
  • protection and flexibility of motion
  • multiple attachments
  • often weaknesses (jack of all trades = master of none) –> ex. shoulder

Ex. vertebra, scapula

20
Q

Superior/inferior

A

refer to axial skeleton ONLY

superior = closer to head
inferior = closer to pelvis

21
Q

Medial/lateral

A

refer to axial skeleton

22
Q

Proximal/distal

A

Refer to ONLY appendicular skeleton

proximal = closer to axial skeleton
distal = further to axial skeleton

23
Q

Anterior/posterior

A

Refer to BOTH appendicular and axial skeleton

24
Q

Condyle

A

A rounded process of a bone that articulates w/ another bone

25
Q

Epicondyle

A

a small condyle

26
Q

Facet

A

small, flat, smooth surface of a bone that is usually a bearing surface

AXIAL ONLY (2 superior + 2 inferior facets)

27
Q

Foramen

A

Hole in a bone through which nerves pass

28
Q

Fossa

A

Shallow depression in a bone, usually space for another bone

ex. glenoid fossa in scapula

29
Q

Process/tuberosity

A

Raised section of bone, usually for the attachment of a ligament or tendon

30
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft of long bone made of hard cortical bone

31
Q

Architecture of long bone

A
  • diaphysis
  • periosteum: outer lining
  • endosteum: inner lining
  • medullary canal: hollow middle
  • metaphysis
32
Q

Metaphysis

A

ends of long bone made of spongy trabecular bone

separated from diaphysis vis an epiphyseal plate of cortical bone

33
Q

Architecture of short bones

A

tend to be more like a metaphysis

made of spongy trabecular bone

34
Q

Architecture of flat bones

A

tend to be more like a diaphysis

mostly cortical bone with a layer of trabecular bone

35
Q

Architecture of irregular bones

A

combo of cortical bone in parts and trabecular bone in other parts

36
Q

Tension

A

Muscle pull on bones

Kin 2241: Biomechanics (15 decks)

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