(2) Lecture 15: Trunk and Torso Flashcards
Foot arches
- Medial longitudinal arch
- Lateral longitudinal arch
- Transverse arch
Navicular
flattens out when you load foot (shock absorber)
How is medial longitudinal arch controlled?
controlled by internal and external rotation
Leg external rotation
arch rises + foot is RIGID (supination)
Leg internal rotation
arch drops + foot is FLEXIBLE (pronation)
Forefoot varus
big toe is too HIGH; too much load on pinky toe
Forefoot valgus
pinky toe is too HIGH; too much load on big toe
Sesamoids
allow tendons to go around POSITIVE angle
Proper lower extremity alignment
Men have small Q angle and women have larger Q angle (b/c of childbirth)
- Q angle: angle femur makes w/ respect to vertical as it goes from knees to hips
Varus alignment
Segment distal to joint (hip, knee, ankle) is rotated in frontal plane too far MEDIALLY
Tibial varus
tibia goes too far medially (bow-legged); knees affected
Femoral varus
femur goes too far medially (knocked knees)
Rearfoot varus
feet are angled too far in
Valgus alignment
Segment distal to the joint is rotated in frontal plane too far LATERALLY
Tibial valgus
ankles are too far OUT
Femoral valgus
knees too far apart; hips affected
Torsion alignment
Bone proximal to joint is TWISTED in transverse plane
Tibial torsion
EXTERNAL; feet planted out
Femoral torsion
INTERNAL; knee caps ate angled IN (femur rotated inwards)
Spinal alignment
3 natural curves:
Cervical lordosis (in), thoracic kyphosis (out), lumbar lordosis
- Curve produces spring for shock absorption when loading
Too much angulation between vertebrae to maintain excessive lordosis/kyphosis = intervertebral disc squeezes = bulge and possible rupture
Anterior stabilization of the spine
abdominal muscles pull rib cage towards pelvis = compresses spine
Posterior stabilization of the spine
small muscles connect spinous process of vertebrae and compress spine
Abdominal vs hip flexors
Abdominal muscles pull rib cage towards anterior pelvis
Hip flexors pull anterior pelvis toward anterior femur (ex. Flex hips)
Ex. sit-ups: bend knees to turn off hip flexors into active insufficiency → can’t fire so only ab muscles work
