(2) Lecture 15: Trunk and Torso

Question 1

Foot arches

Answer 1

1. Medial longitudinal arch
2. Lateral longitudinal arch
3. Transverse arch

Question 2

Navicular

Answer 2

flattens out when you load foot (shock absorber)

Question 3

How is medial longitudinal arch controlled?

Answer 3

controlled by internal and external rotation

Question 4

Leg external rotation

Answer 4

arch rises + foot is RIGID (supination)

Question 5

Leg internal rotation

Answer 5

arch drops + foot is FLEXIBLE (pronation)

Question 6

Forefoot varus

Answer 6

big toe is too HIGH; too much load on pinky toe

Question 7

Forefoot valgus

Answer 7

pinky toe is too HIGH; too much load on big toe

Question 8

Sesamoids

Answer 8

allow tendons to go around POSITIVE angle

Question 9

Proper lower extremity alignment

Answer 9

Men have small Q angle and women have larger Q angle (b/c of childbirth)

• Q angle: angle femur makes w/ respect to vertical as it goes from knees to hips

Question 10

Varus alignment

Answer 10

Segment distal to joint (hip, knee, ankle) is rotated in frontal plane too far MEDIALLY

Question 11

Tibial varus

Answer 11

tibia goes too far medially (bow-legged); knees affected

Question 12

Femoral varus

Answer 12

femur goes too far medially (knocked knees)

Question 13

Rearfoot varus

Answer 13

feet are angled too far in

Question 14

Valgus alignment

Answer 14

Segment distal to the joint is rotated in frontal plane too far LATERALLY

Question 15

Tibial valgus

Answer 15

ankles are too far OUT

Question 16

Femoral valgus

Answer 16

knees too far apart; hips affected

Question 17

Torsion alignment

Answer 17

Bone proximal to joint is TWISTED in transverse plane

Question 18

Tibial torsion

Answer 18

EXTERNAL; feet planted out

Question 19

Femoral torsion

Answer 19

INTERNAL; knee caps ate angled IN (femur rotated inwards)

Question 20

Spinal alignment

Answer 20

3 natural curves:
Cervical lordosis (in), thoracic kyphosis (out), lumbar lordosis

• Curve produces spring for shock absorption when loading

Too much angulation between vertebrae to maintain excessive lordosis/kyphosis = intervertebral disc squeezes = bulge and possible rupture

Question 21

Anterior stabilization of the spine

Answer 21

abdominal muscles pull rib cage towards pelvis = compresses spine

Question 22

Posterior stabilization of the spine

Answer 22

small muscles connect spinous process of vertebrae and compress spine

Question 23

Abdominal vs hip flexors

Answer 23

Abdominal muscles pull rib cage towards anterior pelvis

Hip flexors pull anterior pelvis toward anterior femur (ex. Flex hips)

Ex. sit-ups: bend knees to turn off hip flexors into active insufficiency → can’t fire so only ab muscles work