Lecture 5: Perception and Cognition Flashcards
What are the three steps of the processing model of cognition?
perception
cognition
action
What are the three essential physical parameters for vision?
Hue (determined by wavelength)
Brightness (determined by amplitude)
Saturation (dilution by achromatic light)
What are the three physical parameters of vision defined as collectively?
color space
What is hue?
the color, or combination of three primary colors RGB, of the visible spectrum
What is brightness?
experience of visual intensity
What is saturation?
the degree of the color
What is illuminance?
amount of light falling on a surface
What is the measurement for illuminance?
lux
What is luminance?
amount of light reflected from a surface
What is the measurement for luminance?
candela
What is visual acuity?
the smallest stimulus that can be detected or recognized
What is contrast?
the difference in brightness levels between light and dark elements of a pattern
What is gestalt theory?
the visual system follows principles for organizing and grouping objects and background
What is the law of proximity?
things which are closer together will be seen as belonging together
What is the law of similarity?
things which share visual characteristics such as shape, size, color, texture, value, or orientation will be seen as belonging together
What is the law of closure?
we tend to see complete figures even when part of the information is missing
What is the law of symmetry?
the whole of the figure is perceived rather than the individual parts which make up the figure
What is the law of common fate?
we tend to perceive elements moving in the same direction as being more related than elements that are stationary or that move in different directions
What is change blindness?
the failure to notice large changes in objects
What are the two dimensions of sound?
pitch and amplitude/frequency/loudness
What is selective attention?
ability to attend to a specific stimulus or activity in the presence of other distracting stimuli
What is divided attention?
ability to attend to several targets/inputs in parallel
What is sustained attention?
holding or maintaining attention over a period of time, necessary for the focus and concentration needed in learning, listening, and paying attention during conversations or isntructions
What is working memory?
aka short term memory, the temporary store that keeps information available while we are using it, until we use it, or until we store it in long-term memory
What is our working memory capacity in terms of chunks?
4 chunks
What is long term memory?
a mechanism for storing information and retrieving it later
What is semantic memory?
recollection of ideas, concepts and facts commonly regarded as general knowledge
What is episodic memory?
memory of sequences of activities and events, such as what you might have done last weekend
What is procedural memory?
memory of how we do things, such as many routine activities of daily life as well as highly practiced skills used in sports
What is prospective memory?
a form of memory that involves remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point in time
What is a another term for forgetting?
decay
What is a failure of episodic memory?
inaccurate recollection of the past
What is a failure of prospective memory?
forgetting to do something in the future
What are the 2 parameters of memorizing?
passage of time
matching of coding and retrieval environment
What is human hearing range?
20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
