Lecture 5: Perception and Cognition

Question 1

What are the three steps of the processing model of cognition?

Answer 1

perception
cognition
action

Question 2

What are the three essential physical parameters for vision?

Answer 2

Hue (determined by wavelength)
Brightness (determined by amplitude)
Saturation (dilution by achromatic light)

Question 3

What are the three physical parameters of vision defined as collectively?

Answer 3

color space

Question 4

What is hue?

Answer 4

the color, or combination of three primary colors RGB, of the visible spectrum

Question 5

What is brightness?

Answer 5

experience of visual intensity

Question 6

What is saturation?

Answer 6

the degree of the color

Question 7

What is illuminance?

Answer 7

amount of light falling on a surface

Question 8

What is the measurement for illuminance?

Answer 8

lux

Question 9

What is luminance?

Answer 9

amount of light reflected from a surface

Question 10

What is the measurement for luminance?

Answer 10

candela

Question 11

What is visual acuity?

Answer 11

the smallest stimulus that can be detected or recognized

Question 12

What is contrast?

Answer 12

the difference in brightness levels between light and dark elements of a pattern

Question 13

What is gestalt theory?

Answer 13

the visual system follows principles for organizing and grouping objects and background

Question 14

What is the law of proximity?

Answer 14

things which are closer together will be seen as belonging together

Question 15

What is the law of similarity?

Answer 15

things which share visual characteristics such as shape, size, color, texture, value, or orientation will be seen as belonging together

Question 16

What is the law of closure?

Answer 16

we tend to see complete figures even when part of the information is missing

Question 17

What is the law of symmetry?

Answer 17

the whole of the figure is perceived rather than the individual parts which make up the figure

Question 18

What is the law of common fate?

Answer 18

we tend to perceive elements moving in the same direction as being more related than elements that are stationary or that move in different directions

Question 19

What is change blindness?

Answer 19

the failure to notice large changes in objects

Question 20

What are the two dimensions of sound?

Answer 20

pitch and amplitude/frequency/loudness

Question 21

What is selective attention?

Answer 21

ability to attend to a specific stimulus or activity in the presence of other distracting stimuli

Question 22

What is divided attention?

Answer 22

ability to attend to several targets/inputs in parallel

Question 23

What is sustained attention?

Answer 23

holding or maintaining attention over a period of time, necessary for the focus and concentration needed in learning, listening, and paying attention during conversations or isntructions

Question 24

What is working memory?

Answer 24

aka short term memory, the temporary store that keeps information available while we are using it, until we use it, or until we store it in long-term memory

Question 25

What is our working memory capacity in terms of chunks?

Answer 25

4 chunks

Question 26

What is long term memory?

Answer 26

a mechanism for storing information and retrieving it later

Question 27

What is semantic memory?

Answer 27

recollection of ideas, concepts and facts commonly regarded as general knowledge

Question 28

What is episodic memory?

Answer 28

memory of sequences of activities and events, such as what you might have done last weekend

Question 29

What is procedural memory?

Answer 29

memory of how we do things, such as many routine activities of daily life as well as highly practiced skills used in sports

Question 30

What is prospective memory?

Answer 30

a form of memory that involves remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point in time

Question 31

What is a another term for forgetting?

Answer 31

decay

Question 32

What is a failure of episodic memory?

Answer 32

inaccurate recollection of the past

Question 33

What is a failure of prospective memory?

Answer 33

forgetting to do something in the future

Question 34

What are the 2 parameters of memorizing?

Answer 34

passage of time
matching of coding and retrieval environment

Question 35

What is human hearing range?

Answer 35

20 Hz to 20,000 Hz