Lecture 3: Displays and Situation Awareness Flashcards
What are the roles of displays?
To give a signal about a system and make the operator act upon it
What are the three types of displays?
visual, auditory, and tactile
What are the three types of visual displays?
HUD, HDD, Head mounted display
What are the characteristics of visual displays?
high rate and large amounts of info transfer; requires info to be presented in operators FOV and gaze direction; visual channel is often overloaded
What are the characteristics of auditory displays?
can quickly capture a person’s attention; omnidirectional; difficulty in localizing, potential to cause pain
What are the characteristics of tactile displays?
ability to create private display; can be applied to parts of the body; conveys less amount and complexity of information
What is salience compatibility?
important and urgent information should attract attention; highly salient indicators should be used for highly important information
What is exploit redundancy gain?
Use redundancy gain to avoid confusion by presenting the same information through different channels
What is the multiple resource theory?
humans can process information concurrently in multiple sensory channels; each channel is relatively independent; each channel has limited capacity and overloading may result in poor task performance
What are multimodal displays?
integration of visual, auditory, and or tactile sensory channels to display information; presenting same information at the same time; compensates for deficits in any one modality; allows higher accuracy and faster RTWha
How should displays be designed and what should be avoided?
design consistently; avoid absolute judgment limits (don’t force operator to judge level of variable
What are some coding methods for visual displays?
flashlight; abstract sign, text, icon
What are some coding methods for auditory displays?
tonal sound, auditory icon, earcon, and speech
Auditory icons v. earcons
auditory icons are recorded everyday sounds that are used for the purpose they represent; earcons are synthesized sounds that have no relation tot he event
What are some coding methods for tactile displays?
abstract tactile pattern; tacton; and spatio-temporal pattern
What are spatio-temporal patterns?
sequential activation of a series of vibrotactors and require more than one vibrotactor
What are tactons?
a single vibrotactor manipulated by turning on and off
What is Endsley’s definition of Situation Awareness?
The perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status in the near future
What is level 1 SA?
perception of the elements in the environment; key elements that define the situation
What is level 2 SA?
comprehension of the current situation; defining the current status in support of rapid decision making and action
What is level 3 SA?
projection of future status; short-term planning and option evaluation when time permits
What factors can affect the loss of SA?
overloaded attention, inability to recognize patterns, too many tasks, inadequate understanding of system or state (bad mental model), failure to chunk information (bad working memory)
What is SAGAT?
Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique: objectively and directly measuring SA during a team simulation using “freezes” at predetermined points in time with participants reporting on “what is going on” from their perspective on the situation
What is SPAM?
Situation Present Assessment Method: ability to locate information in the environment as an indication of SA, doesn’t require pausing of the test
What are the principles for improving SA?
create displays that help people notice changes; make the situation easy to understand; keep the operator in the loop; help people project the state of the system; organize information around goals; display to broaden attention, train for situation awareness
What are the design principles for alerts and warnings?
Salience compatibility: make important and urgent info salient
Exploit redundancy gain: use redundancy
Be consistent
Avoid absolute judgment limits: don’t force operators to judge level of warning
