Lecture 2: Automation and Human Robot Interaction Flashcards
What is automation?
the technique, method, or system of operating or controlling a process by highly automatic means, as by electronic devices, reducing human intervention to a minimum
What are the four reasons to employ automation?
Tasks are impossible or hazardous
Tasks are difficult or unpleasant
To extend human capability
Technically possible
What is the lowest level of automation?
information acquisition, selection, filtering
assists with attention guidance
What is low-mid level of automation?
information integration
provide situation assessment, inference, diagnosis, easy-to-interpret information
What is the high-mid level of automation?
action selection and choice
recommends a course of action
What is the highest level of automation?
control and action execution
controls particular functions
How many levels are in Sheridan’s levels of automation? Which level is the lowest?
8 levels, level 8 being the lowest level
How many levels are in the SAE levels of vehicle automation? Which levels are semi-autonomous?
6 levels, level 0 being lowest
level 2, 3, and 4 are semi-autonomous
What are the problems with automation?
It may be unreliable
The automation does not operate or perform well in certain situations
The human operator may incorrectly “set up” the automation
It appears to be acting erroneously to the operator
What is trust in automation?
the attitude that an agent will help achieve an individual’s goals in a situation characterized by uncertainty and vulnerability
When does mistrust occur?
When trust fails to correspond to the reliability of the automation
What can misguided trust lead to?
over or under-reliance which can negatively affect the overall performance or task outcome
What is overthrust caused by? What is another name for mistrust?
induced by high system reliability
aka complacency
What are the implications of overthrust?
slow detection of failure (vigilance problem)
lack of situation awareness (intervention problem)
Skill loss (loss of confidence and actual skill)
What are the ironies of automation related to?
the tasks that are left for the human operator
What are the two tasks left over for the operator?
monitor the system to ensure that it works properly
take over from the system if it does not work properly
What are the four stages of the takeover process?
information acquisition, selection, filtering
information integration
action selection and choice
control and action execution
What are smart devices?
electronic device connected to other devices or networks that can operator to some extent interactively and autonomously
What is the IoT?
the internet of things, the interconnection via the internet of computing devices embedded in everyday objects, enabling them to send and receive data
What is a robot?
a programmable device capable of performing a variety of operations such as reach, grasp, move, and/or position
What is human-robot interaction?
understanding, designing, and evaluating robotic systems for use by or with humans. Interaction, by definition, requires communication between robots and humans
What is human-robot teaming?
humans and robots work as true team members
What is Asimov’s first law of robots?
a robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human to come to harm
What is Asimov’s second law of robots?
a robot must obey orders given to it by human beings, expect where such orders would conflict with the first law
What is Asimov’s third law of robots?
a robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the 1st or 2nd law
What are the three steps of information processing model of cognition?
Perception, cognition, then action
