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Compounding Exam 1 > lecture 5 part 2 > Flashcards

lecture 5 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

**what is pulverization by intervention??

name 2 scenarios in which it would be used

A

substance is dissolved in solvent and then evaporated easily. as it evaporates, the particles crystallize out of the solution as FINE PARTICLES

  1. If we want to decrease the particle size of a gummy, sticky substance like coal tar
  2. for a hard crystalline substance when triturating isn’t working to reduce the particle size - even with a wedgewood mortar
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2
Q

name 2 potential “intervening solvents” that can be used in pulverization by intervention

A

alcohol or acetone

easily evaporate

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3
Q

explain the levigation method of reducing particle size

A

used for OINTMENTS or SUSPENSIONS

either triturate in mortar or spatulate on ointment slab with a small amount of liquid in which the solid (drug) is NOT SOLUBLE

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4
Q

explain what the solvent used in levigation should be like

A

somewhat viscous - like mineral oil or glycerin

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5
Q

name 5 particle size reduction methods

A

trituration
spatulation
levigation
pulverization by intervention
sieving

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6
Q

**gummy substance not easily triturated - what method of particle size reduction?

A

pulverization by intervention

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7
Q

**what method is LEAST effective in reducing particle size

A

spatulation

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8
Q

** a hard crystalline that cannot be triturated - what method of particle size reduction

A

pulverization by intervention

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9
Q

**reducing particle size for an ointment - what particle size reduction method

A

levigation

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10
Q

differentiate between bulk powders and divided powders

which is more accurate?

A

bulk powders - nonpotent – can be dosed with acceptable accuracy by just using a teaspoon or cup as measuring device

divided powders - single doses individually wrapped in cellophane, foil, or paper

DIVIDED POWDERS MORE ACCURATE - PATIENT NOT INVOLVED IN MEASURING DOSE

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11
Q

What are insufflations

A

extremely fine powders introduced into body cavities

powder placed in inusfflator and bulb is squeezed into the body cavity

as mentioned — EXTREMELY fine - must pass through #100 sieve

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12
Q

true or false

dusting powders are bulk powders

A

true

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13
Q

name some things that may be used as the inert base for dusting powders

A

starch
talc
bentonite
magnesium carbonate
kaolin

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14
Q

explain the effect that dusting powders produce

A

they absorb secretions - have a drying effect which imparts a cooling sensation and relieves congestion

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15
Q

true or false

a single medicinal agent cannot be used as a dusting powder

A

fals e- it can

can also add inert base

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16
Q

true or false

the particles for dusting powders must be extremely fine

A

TRUE - 100-200 mesh sieve — to not irritate the skin

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17
Q

***name the order of mixing according to geometric dilution

A

Drug A 20mg
Drug B 10mg
Drug C 100 mg

1st drug b, then add drug a 10mg at a time

after all drug a added, add equal amount of drug c

smallest - largest

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18
Q

geometric dilution is used for….

A

incorporating small amounts of potent drugs

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19
Q

***name the 4 basic types of powder papers available

A

vegetable parchment
white bond
glassine
waxed

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20
Q

explain the properties of waxed paper***

A

TRANSPARENT and WATERPROOF

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21
Q

explain the properties of white bond**

A

opaque with NO moisture resistant properties

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22
Q

**explain the properties of vegetable parchment

A

thin, semi-opaque with moisture resistant properties

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23
Q

**explain the properties of glassine

A

glazed
transparent
moisture resistant

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24
Q

which type of powder paper should we avoid for large quantities**

A

vegetable parchment because its thin

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25
Q

if the powder contains hygroscopic or deliquescent materials, which powder paper should be used**

A

waxed paper - or any WATERPROOF PAPER

26
Q

powders that contain volatile components should be wrapped in which paper

A

waxed or glassine

27
Q

powders that do NOT have volatile components and do NOT have ingredients adversely affected by air or moisture are usually wrapped with what

A

white bond

28
Q

***which powder paper has NO moisture resistant properties

A

white bond

29
Q

***explain what hygroscopic and deliquescent substances are

A

hydroscopic - absorbs moisture from air

deliquescent - hygroscopic powder that is so hygroscopic that when it absorbs moisture from the air that it partially or wholly dissolves in it – becomes liquid

30
Q

______ dosage form is preferred for deliquescent drugs

A

liquid

31
Q

what can be added to the formulation of a hygroscopic or deliquescent substance

give 2 examples

A

a water-insoluble powder that will ADBSORB the water attracted by the hygroscopic/deliquescent substance

light magnesium oxide (small qty - laxative) or talc

32
Q

what container must deliquescent or hygroscopic powders be dispensed in??

if divided powders, they should be wrapped in what??***

A

TIGHT CONTAINERS

if divided - double wrap in wax paper or seal in plastic or foil. put the packets in tight container

33
Q

a _________ may be incorporated into the container of a hygroscopic or deliquescent powder

A

dessicant

34
Q

explain what a eutectic mixture is**

A

mixture of 2 or more components what LIQUEFY when mixed together

they each lower the melting point of the other below room temp - causing liquefication

35
Q

what is a method to overcome the issue of eutectic mictures ( not the best)

A

add an inert diluent

ex - mg carbonate, light mg oxide, kaolin, starch, bentonite

36
Q

what is the BEST method to overcome the issue of eutectic mixtures

A

dispensed in separate packets and the patient will mix them right before they take it

37
Q

give an example of a eutectic mixture

A

menthol and cmaphor

38
Q

explain what efllorescent powders are***

A

crystalline substances that contain water of crystallization or hydration, and RELEASE THE WATER into the environment

powdered substance as a result may become damp and like paste

39
Q

aside form turning into a paste, what is another issue when efflorescent powders release water

A

the MW changes

given weight of the powder no longer contains the same amount of drug

40
Q

name 2 methods to overcome the issue of efflorescent powders

A
  1. store in TIGHT container
  2. use anyhrous form - no water to lose!!
41
Q

“if you triturate long enough, what can release making the powder pasty and wet”

what is this?

A

an efflorescnet powder

water RELEASED

42
Q

for efflorescent powders is it preferred to have granules or powders and why

A

GRANULES

less surface area. powders will fizz way too much

will dissolve more slowly and have more controlled reaction

43
Q

aside from menthol and camphor, name another eutectic mixture***

A

benzocaine, salicylic acid, and camphor

44
Q

what container is camphor stored in and why

A

sublimes to air at room temp (evaporates)

45
Q

true or false

*****granules flow AND compress better than powders

A

true

46
Q

which have larger particle size - powders or granules

A

granules

47
Q

which segregate more and why - powders or granules

A

powders - have greater surface area. less stable to moisture and O2

48
Q

effervescence hekps what

A

to mask the taste of the drug

49
Q

4 components in effervescent granules

A

API
sodium bicrabonate
citric monohydrate
tartaric acid

50
Q

in effervescent granules, why is citric acid monohydrate not used alone? why is tartaric acid not used alone?

A

citric acid not used alone bc it’s too sticky and won’t easily granulate

in contrast, tartaric acid is too friable and crumbly

to make better consistency, both used together along with API and sodium bicarbonate

51
Q

effervescent granules contain 2 ___ and a __-

A

2 acids and a base

52
Q

*** ration of citric acid monohydrate to tartaric acid in preparing effervescent granules

A

1:2 w/w

53
Q

** which type of powder paper best protects a hygroscopic powder

A

waxed paper

54
Q

**a VERY FINE POWDER is defined as

A

completely passes through 80 sieve

55
Q

divided powders may be dispensed in….

A

individual dose packets

56
Q

how to determine highest flowability

A

whichever has smallest angle of repose

57
Q

which has faster GI absorption - granules or powders***

A

POWDERS - related to dissolution

58
Q

what will happen if you triturate efflorescent powder

A

will release water and becomes damp and pasty

59
Q

which particle size reduciton method is insoluble drug pressed against ointment slab

A

levigation

60
Q
A

Compounding Exam 1 (9 decks)

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