Lecture 5 - Part 1

Question 1

Define child mental and motor development

Answer 1

Children’s cognitive, language, motor, social and emotional development, between conception and age 8 years.

Question 2

Child mortality has dropped to what %?

Answer 2

3. 9% (number of children born alive who die before 5)

- > 96/100 live beyond their first birthday

Question 3

What factors may influence mental development?

Answer 3

Health -> definitely does
Nutrition -> probably does, but not certain
Stimulation -> also uncertain link

Question 4

What strategies have been used to enhance mental development through nutrition? (6)

Answer 4

1. Fortification
2. Supplementation (meal replacement)
3. Food that expands dietary diversity
4. Nutrition education
5. Agriculture
6. School feeding

Question 5

Which factors influence whether school feeding is effective for enhancing mental development?

Answer 5

1. Whether the food being given enhances dietary diversity
2. timing of the food (e.g. before class)
3. whether the children also get quality stimulation in the school

Question 6

What does Adequate Nutrition mean?

Answer 6

you are getting 4 or more out of the seven food categories. (note only 4 in my notes)

1. Grains
2. orange fruit and veg (vitamin A)
3. other veg
4. animal source food (egg, milk, meat)

Question 7

What evidence is there that fortification improves mental development?

Answer 7

Evidence that iodine supplementation does, but little evidence for other fortification (e.g. iron)

Question 8

What evidence is there that supplementation improves mental development?

Answer 8

Studies underway, evidence still lacking

Question 9

What evidence is there that increasing diversity in diet improves mental development?

Answer 9

evidence that this is more effective in younger children and also depends on quality of schooling

Question 10

What are 2 months of measuring language and cognitive development?

Answer 10

1. Ask Mothers

2. Ask the child (Bayley scales)

Question 11

Which milestones did mothers in the US and kenya agree on the timing off?

Which were discrepant?

Answer 11

Agree (or very close):

• smile
• eat solids
• walk

Disagree (US mothers thought these occurred much sooner):

• understand language
• talk
• think

Question 12

Roughly what % of children are not attaining their mental developmental potential?

Answer 12

43%

Question 13

What are the consequences of children not attaining their mental potential?

Answer 13

1. Children are not learning skills for their age.
2. Children are not sufficiently progressing in school to ensure a better life than their parents had.
3. Health is negatively affected.
4. Productivity of the country is limited.

Question 14

what is Developmental potential?

Answer 14

the ability to think, learn, remember, relate, and articulate ideas appropriate to age and level of maturity

Question 15

What do ERP/EEG tell us?

Answer 15

Tells about which brain parts are relevant for specific functions
E.g. Broca, wernicke

Question 16

Study about parenting practice in uganda, mothers who provided playtime stimulation to 6-24m old

what % had provided…. (5 domains)

Answer 16

Gross motor (ball) 48%
Dramatic play (doll) 35%
Simple eye coordination (rattle) 35%
2 piece eye hand 14%
New toy in the past month 6%

Question 17

Study about parenting practice in uganda, mothers who provided verbal stimulation to 6-24m old

what % had provided…. (4 domains)

Answer 17

Name objects 63%
Teaches something 38%
Tells story 19%
Talks about books 17%

Question 18

According to the WHO 2018 health assembly what is essential for for development?

Answer 18

Early learning and responsive care

Question 19

What is Nurturing Care and what are its 5 components?

Answer 19

it is the term used to integrate caregiving for health, growth and development

1. Health
2. Nutrition
3. Responsive caregiving
4. Security and safety
5. Early learning

Question 20

How are school readiness skills measured?

Answer 20

International Development and Early Learning Assessment

assesses verbal and math/spatial skills

Question 21

What does United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Org (UNESCO) focus on?

Answer 21

preschool for 3 to 6 years of age

Question 22

What is the evidence that pre-school interventions benefit children? (4)

Answer 22

1. Meta-analyses yield strong effect sizes of attending vs not attending pre-primary
2. Moderate effect sizes of attending a higher-quality vs a lower-quality pre-primary
3. Child outcomes are better if an improved program is offered in language or math
4. Free play with more resources benefits children

Question 23

What does the quality of pre school interventions in LMICs depend on?

Answer 23

1. does NOT depend on GPD
2. DOES depend on culture/what is valued
3. DOES depend on class size

Question 24

What are important Measures of Early Learning Environment? (6)

Answer 24

1. Environmental safety, hygiene, sanitation
2. Teacher-child interaction
3. Language
4. Numeracy
5. Science/Nature
6. Play

Question 25

Should funds be a deterrent for pre-school programs?

Answer 25

No - money is available if governments provide a plan

Question 26

What is the evidence supporting child development programs that promote stimulation for children (for children 0-3)

Answer 26

1. Evidence is moderately strong and consistent showing that parenting programs enhance cognitive and language development (see the reading).
2. Evidence that they change parental behaviour
3. Lead to improved mental development in children
4. Have a stronger effect than nutrition
5. But are more time consuming and labour intensive