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Neuropsychological Models > Lecture 5 - Memory and Learning > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - Memory and Learning Flashcards

1
Q

What is amnesia

A

The amnesic syndrome refers to a permanent, stable and global disorder of memory due to organic brain dysfunction, which occurs in the absence of other extensive perceptual or cognitive disturbance.

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2
Q

what did HM have lesioned

A 
 medial temporal pole cortex
most of the amygdala
entorhinal cortex
more than half of the hippocampus
 subiculum
some debate about temporal stem and perirhinal cortex
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3
Q

What happened to HM after the surgery?

A
  • declarative amnesia
  • got not recall anything that happened after the surgery
  • brief retrograde amnesia
  • perceptual tasks intact, childhood memories intact.
  • implicit memory was intact
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4
Q

What are the neural systems underlying explicit and implicit memory?

A

medial temporal region:

  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
  • entorhinal cortex
  • parahippocampal cortex
  • preirhinal cortex
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5
Q

What is the entorhinal cortex

A
  • located on medial surface of temporal lobe
  • major route for neocortical input into the hippocampal formation
  • ento= interior rhinal=nose
  • role in declarative memory and LTP
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6
Q

Describe the parahippocampal cortex

A
  • along the dorsal medial surface of temporal lobe
  • receives connection sto the parietal cortex
  • involved in VISUOSPATIAL processing
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7
Q

perirhinal cortex?

A
  • next to rhinal fissure on base of brain - medial temporal lobe
  • receives connections from the visual regions of the ventral stream
  • receives sensory information from all sensory areas
  • involved in VISUAL OBJECT MEMORY
  • also involved in recency of objects
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8
Q

what are the 3 types of amnesia

A

hippocampal or medial temporal lobe (MTL) amnesia,

diencephalic amnesia

and basal forebrain amnesia.

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9
Q

Neuropsychologically, how does MTL amnesia look

A

amnesia for all modalities of memory input (visual, verbal.. etc)

  • impaired episodic memory
  • impaired semantic, but less than EM
  • retrograde amnesia - variable length
  • implicit memory, working memory is unimpaired

transfer fro wm to long term is impaired

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10
Q

What does the MTL include

A

hippocampus
parahippocampal region
amygdala
entorhinal cortex

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11
Q

what did Eichenbaum, Otto & Cohen (1994) find about functional distinctions between components of MTL

A

parahippocampal region - representation of isolated items, and intermediate term memory for these items

hippocampus - relational representations - processes relationships among multiple items and content rich episodic memories

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12
Q

what did aggleton & brown (2005) find about mTL memory

A
  • doesnt function as a unitary system
  • hippocampal region - anteror thalamic system - recall and recognition of EM
  • perirhinal - medial dorsal thalamic system - familiarity based memory system (recognition) —> problem can cause deja vu
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13
Q

What is the role of the hippocampal formation in memory

A
  • binds different features into an episodic representation in encoding
  • uses retrieval cues and compares to stored memories
  • processes spatial localisation in the hippocampus
  • recognises object identity in the rhinal cortex - longer term association
  • consolidates memories in the cortex - if memories are old enough, it is not necessary in retrieval
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14
Q

what is the circuit of papez

A

ring around the top of the brainstem, mamillary, hippo, thalamus, cingulate…

all work together as the circuit of papez.

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15
Q

examples of MTL amnesia syndromes

A
  • cerebral ataxia
  • early AD
  • CNS infection
  • MTL sclerosis and epilepsy
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16
Q

examples of diencephalic amnesia

A
  • AlcoholicWKS
  • Thalamic stroke - vascular disease
  • Thalamic trauma
17
Q

examples of basal forebrain amnesia

A
  • ACoA aneurysm

* Cholinergic deficit in AD??

18
Q

describe korsakoff’s syndrome

A

diencephalic

due to alcohol

mamillary body degeneration

severe anterograde amnesia, variable retrograde amnesia, confabulations, and a disorientation with respect to time and place

intelligence and short-term memory are frequently preserved

encoding deficits

19
Q

what are the diencephalic structures

A
  • basal forebrain
  • thalamus
  • mamillary bodies
  • hypothalamus

posterior part of forebrain

20
Q

What does a basal forebrain amnesia look like?

A
  • ACoA - anterior communicating artery infarctions
  • disruption of cholinergic projections from basal forebrain to hippocampus and cortex
  • anterograde amnesia
  • variable retrograde
  • ## confabulation
21
Q

how does Ach affect memory

A
  • affects basal forebrain area
  • contains many cholinergic neurons
  • projects to cortical and subcortical areas

disruptions to these projections will lead to amnesia

22
Q

what brain reigon does working memory rely on

A
  • involves maintenance and processing of info
  • PFC:
  • maintenance (episodic buffer) –> ventrolateral PFC
  • manipulation –> dorsolateral PFC

contributes to stratgies in memory - organisation, selection, monitoring, evluation and retrieval.

23
Q

How will a frontal lesion affect memory

A
  • a working memory / executive function type memory deficit
  • problems in maintenance and manipulation of memory
  • strategies for memory, such as planning and organising will be impaired
24
Q

how does MTL and frontal lobe interact in memory

A

The frontal lobes control the information delivered to the medial temporal and diencephalic regions at encoding and initiate, guide and monitor retrieval and help interpret and organise the information retrieved, conferring a measure of intelligence and direction of the process

25
Q

what is the role of frontal lobes in memory

A
  • temporal order of events
  • working memory
  • mediates general intelligence
  • controls different but connected abstract supervisory operations
26
Q

What are the neural systems underlying working memory?

A

phonological loop:

  • rehearsing numbers and letters - prefrontal (DLPFC)
  • articulatory distraction - parietal
  • central executive - executive prefrontal

visuospatial sketchpad
- right prefrontal occipital parietal cortex

27
Q

What is the circuit of papez?

A

initially thought it was for emotion, now moreso for MEMORY

cortical association areas –> hippocampus –> mammilary bodies –> anterior nucleus of thalamus –> cingulum, entorhinal cortex –> Hippocampus

28
Q

which area of the brain is responsible for information maintenance

A

VLPFC - maintenance

29
Q

which area of the brain is responsible for manipulating information

A

DLPFC

30
Q

how was the DLPFC been found to be engaged

A

there was no difference in organisation/activation between spatial or non-spatial information

there was a distinction between maintenance or Maintenance plus work!!

plus work was more anterior.

level of processing matters.

31
Q

What are the locus’ of processing deficits for the three amnesias

A

MTL - consolidation - rapid forgetting

Basal forebrain - executive stuff - strategic planning, techniques

Diencephalic - encoding

32
Q

In which of three amnesias does confabulation happen

A

not MTL

YES IN BASAL FOREBRAIN

sometimes in diencephalic

33
Q

what is the pattern of memory disturbance in diencephalic and temporal amnesia

A

temporal - time dependant

diencephalic - temporally graded

34
Q

Describe HERA

A

Hemispheric Encoding Retrieval Asymmetry model

THAT DIFFERENT HEMISPHERES DO DIFF THINGS

  • Left prefrontal activation when encoding memory, especially when must organise meaningful information
  • Right prefrontal activation when retrieving from episodic memory

so the circuitry involving encoding and retrieval are different from each other

35
Q

explain spontaneous or persistent confabulation

A
  • spontaneous or persistent
  • usually extensive frontal damage and basal forebrain damage (for the executive component)

-Severe anterograde amnesia + dysexecutive syndrome

36
Q

Explain transient or provoked confabulation

A
  • just in basal forebrain : no amnesia
     no confabulation
  • can also get it from orbitofrontal lesions

Neuropsychological Models (7 decks)

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