Lecture 4 - Language

Question 1

What brodmann areas are the primary cortex?

Answer 1

41 and 42

Question 2

What brodmann areas are the secondarry association auditory areas?

Answer 2

22

Question 3

What brodmann areas are the tertiary reference areas

Answer 3

39 an 40

Question 4

what is the brodmann area of wernicke’s

Answer 4

22

Question 5

What are the three types of words?

Answer 5

• regular
• irregular
• nonwords

Question 6

Describe the dual route model

Answer 6

model that proposes two different ways to read regular, irregular and nonwords.

Direct route (lexical) - like a dictionary look up - this MUST be used to irregular words, and can also be used for regular words.

Indirect route (grapheme-phoneme conversion) - applies rules to convert orthography to phonology - MUST be used for nonwords, and creates regularisation errors when used for irregular words.

Question 7

What is an acquired dyslexia

Answer 7

• from head injury, stroke or other

- leads to disruption of reading processes

Question 8

What are the two types of acquired dyslexia

Answer 8

• surface dyslexia
• phonological dyslexia

both are not that clear cut IRL

Question 9

Describe surface dyslexia

Answer 9

• impairment in ability to read irregular words
• over regularisation errors for irregular words
• reading of regular words is fine

Question 10

Describe a phonological dyslexia

Answer 10

• impairment in ability to read pronounceable non-words like SLEEB.
• reading regular and irregular words is fine

Question 11

What is a double dissociation?

Answer 11

when function 1 and function 2 are separable, and dont affect each other

so someone can have one without the other

goes both ways

can have surface dysexia without phological dyslexia, and phnolological without surface dyslexia

Question 12

How do we name a stimulus?

Answer 12

encode –> select semantic representation –> translate preverbal to lexical (words) –> translate lexical rep to phonological –> articulate

Question 13

what are the two levels of representation

Answer 13

Lexical representation - regards to understanding the word

Semantic representation - phonological output - writing or talking

can be damaged seperately

Question 14

Explain newton’s model of language processing

Answer 14

says that connection between phonological, semantic, and orthographic component
can each be seperately damaged

Question 15

What is anomia

Answer 15

impairment in word retrieval for objects and pictures

word finding difficulties are evident in spontaneous speech and confrontation naming tasks - they get CIRUCMLOCATIVE

• can be very specific, only affecting only certain types of words:
  verbs - AVERBIA
  read - ALEXIA
  colours - COLOUR ANOMIA
• happens in left HS stroke
• happens in normal aging

Question 16

what causes anomia

Answer 16

damage to left temporal/parietal region

Question 17

What is lexicon

Answer 17

internal dictionary

can be disrupted by specific lesions, in a very specific way –ANOMIA

verbs - AVERBIA
read - ALEXIA
colours - COLOUR ANOMIA

Question 18

What is a naming assessment

Answer 18

used for anomia

test a single word processing with varied INPUT - written, spoken, object, gesture.

and test OUTPUT modalities - written, spoken, gesture.

Question 19

What is the difference between a lexical process impairment and an output process impairment?

Answer 19

when lexical processes are impaired, deficits will be seen in all modalities

when output process is impaired, can only see impairment to a particular modality - speech, writing, gesture

Question 20

What are speech processing disorders?

Answer 20

• left and right hemisphere damage.

left - alters comprehension - wernicke’s aphasia… etc

right - ability to understand pragmatic and prosodic aspects of speech

Question 21

What would a speech processing disorder looking like in someone with a RHS lesion

Answer 21

trouble understanding pragmatic or prosodic aspects of speech

• cant recognise irony or sarcasm

Question 22

What is receptive aphasia

Answer 22

• impairment in language comprehension, especially spoken form - AUDITORY

eg. wernicke’s - severe impairment in understanding written and spoken language, but can talk fine
- speech is usually fluent but has phonological and semantic paraphasias and neologisms(words that dont actually exist)
-

Question 23

What is a transcortical sensory aphasia?

Answer 23

• type of receptive aphasia
• impaired auditory comprehension, but can repeat sounds, and fluent speech
• comprehension of written and spoken is very bad

Question 24

What is global aphasia

Answer 24

• both receptive and expressive language disorder

due to extensive LHS damage to broca’s area, wernicke’s area and acuate fasiculus.

Question 25

What is the arcuate fasiculus

Answer 25

the white matter tract that connects broca’s to wernickes

Question 26

What is pure word deafness

Answer 26

type of receptive aphasia

• can’t repeat speech and have poor auditory comprehension

BUT can identify musical instruments, non verbal sounds, gender of voice and language spoken.