Lecture 4 - Language Flashcards
What brodmann areas are the primary cortex?
41 and 42
What brodmann areas are the secondarry association auditory areas?
22
What brodmann areas are the tertiary reference areas
39 an 40
what is the brodmann area of wernicke’s
22
What are the three types of words?
- regular
- irregular
- nonwords
Describe the dual route model
model that proposes two different ways to read regular, irregular and nonwords.
Direct route (lexical) - like a dictionary look up - this MUST be used to irregular words, and can also be used for regular words.
Indirect route (grapheme-phoneme conversion) - applies rules to convert orthography to phonology - MUST be used for nonwords, and creates regularisation errors when used for irregular words.
What is an acquired dyslexia
- from head injury, stroke or other
- leads to disruption of reading processes
What are the two types of acquired dyslexia
- surface dyslexia
- phonological dyslexia
both are not that clear cut IRL
Describe surface dyslexia
- impairment in ability to read irregular words
- over regularisation errors for irregular words
- reading of regular words is fine
Describe a phonological dyslexia
- impairment in ability to read pronounceable non-words like SLEEB.
- reading regular and irregular words is fine
What is a double dissociation?
when function 1 and function 2 are separable, and dont affect each other
so someone can have one without the other
goes both ways
can have surface dysexia without phological dyslexia, and phnolological without surface dyslexia
How do we name a stimulus?
encode –> select semantic representation –> translate preverbal to lexical (words) –> translate lexical rep to phonological –> articulate
what are the two levels of representation
Lexical representation - regards to understanding the word
Semantic representation - phonological output - writing or talking
can be damaged seperately
Explain newton’s model of language processing
says that connection between phonological, semantic, and orthographic component
can each be seperately damaged
What is anomia
impairment in word retrieval for objects and pictures
word finding difficulties are evident in spontaneous speech and confrontation naming tasks - they get CIRUCMLOCATIVE
- can be very specific, only affecting only certain types of words:
verbs - AVERBIA
read - ALEXIA
colours - COLOUR ANOMIA - happens in left HS stroke
- happens in normal aging
what causes anomia
damage to left temporal/parietal region
What is lexicon
internal dictionary
can be disrupted by specific lesions, in a very specific way –ANOMIA
verbs - AVERBIA
read - ALEXIA
colours - COLOUR ANOMIA
What is a naming assessment
used for anomia
test a single word processing with varied INPUT - written, spoken, object, gesture.
and test OUTPUT modalities - written, spoken, gesture.
What is the difference between a lexical process impairment and an output process impairment?
when lexical processes are impaired, deficits will be seen in all modalities
when output process is impaired, can only see impairment to a particular modality - speech, writing, gesture
What are speech processing disorders?
- left and right hemisphere damage.
left - alters comprehension - wernicke’s aphasia… etc
right - ability to understand pragmatic and prosodic aspects of speech
What would a speech processing disorder looking like in someone with a RHS lesion
trouble understanding pragmatic or prosodic aspects of speech
- cant recognise irony or sarcasm
What is receptive aphasia
- impairment in language comprehension, especially spoken form - AUDITORY
eg. wernicke’s - severe impairment in understanding written and spoken language, but can talk fine
- speech is usually fluent but has phonological and semantic paraphasias and neologisms(words that dont actually exist)
-
What is a transcortical sensory aphasia?
- type of receptive aphasia
- impaired auditory comprehension, but can repeat sounds, and fluent speech
- comprehension of written and spoken is very bad
What is global aphasia
- both receptive and expressive language disorder
due to extensive LHS damage to broca’s area, wernicke’s area and acuate fasiculus.
What is the arcuate fasiculus
the white matter tract that connects broca’s to wernickes
What is pure word deafness
type of receptive aphasia
- can’t repeat speech and have poor auditory comprehension
BUT can identify musical instruments, non verbal sounds, gender of voice and language spoken.
