Lecture 5: Innate Immunity

Question 1

What immunity uses identical toll-like receptors?

Answer 1

Innate immunity

Question 2

What immunity uses distinct antibody molecules?

Answer 2

Adaptive immunity

Question 3

PAMPs and DAMPs are found in what immunity?

Answer 3

Innate immunity

Question 4

What immunity may recognize nonmicrobial antigens?

Answer 4

Adaptive immunity

Question 5

What immunity is encoded in the germline with limited diversity?

Answer 5

a. Innate immunity

Question 6

What immunity is encoded by genes produced by somatic recombination of gene segments?

Answer 6

a. Adaptive immunity

Question 7

Are the cells of the innate system clonal or nonclonal? Adaptive immunity?

Answer 7

a. Nonclonal = innate
b. Clonal = adaptive

Question 7

This is the accumulation of leukocytes. Phagocytic cells, plasma proteins, and fluid derived from the blood at an extravascular tissue site of infection or injury

Answer 7

Acute inflammation (innate)

Question 8

What are the 2 principle types of reactions of the innate immune system?

Answer 8

a. Stimulate Acute inflammation
b. Anti-viral defenses

Question 9

These are type 1 interferons

Answer 9

a. Interferon a/b

Question 10

Anti-viral defenses in the innate system are mediated by

Answer 10

a. NK cells
b. Interferon a/b

Question 11

NK cells mediate what?

Answer 11

a. The killing of virus-infected cells

Question 12

These are secreted by virus-infected cells, bind to receptors on surrounding cells, and induce an anti-viral state in those cells

Answer 12

Interferons a/b

Question 13

Can both the innate and adaptive immune systems share some of the same effector mechanisms?

Answer 13

Yes

Question 14

Can both the innate and adaptive immune systems recognize nonmicrobial substances?

Answer 14

a. Yes

Question 15

Does the innate or adaptive immune system have memory?

Answer 15

Adaptive

Question 16

What are some examples of toll-like receptors?

Answer 16

a. Lipopolysaccharide b. Peptidoglycan
c. Lipopeptides
d. Flagellin

Question 17

What are possible responses to the activation of toll-like receptors?

Answer 17

a. Acute inflammation
b. Activate adaptive immunity
c. Antiviral state
d. Macrophage/neutrophil activity

Question 18

NOd-like receptors (NLRs) recruit what complexes?

Answer 18

Inflammasomes that promote inflammation

Question 18

These are a family of cytosolic proteins that recognize PAMPs and DAMPs and recruit inflammasomes

Answer 18

a. NOD-like receptors

Question 19

These are cytosolic sensors of viral RNA that respond to viral nucleic acids by inducing the production of the antiviral type 1 interferon

Answer 19

RIG-like receptors

Question 19

What are the components of the innate immune response?

Answer 19

a. Epithelial barrier
b. Phagocytes (neutrophils/macrophages)
c. Dendritic cells
d. Mast cells
e. Lymphoid cells
f. Complement system
g. NK cells

Question 20

What types of phagocytes are in the innate immune system?

Answer 20

a. Neutrophils
b. monocytes/macrophages

Question 21

These are circulating phagocytic cells in the innate immune system

Answer 21

Neutrophils

Question 22

This is the most abundant leukocyte blood and the 1st cell type to respond to most infections

Answer 22

Neutrophils

Question 22

Blood monocytes differentiate into ______ after entering tissues

Answer 22

Tissue macrophages

Question 23

These secrete cytokines that induce inflammation and ingest and destroy microbes in the innate immune system

Answer 23

Macrophages

Question 23

Describe how long neutrophils and macrophages survive in tissues

Answer 23

a. Neutrophils = short few hours b. Macrophages = long time

Question 23

These are also referred to as “sentinel cells”

Answer 23

Dendritic cells

Question 24

These secrete cytokines and present antigenic peptides to T cells

Answer 24

Dendritic cells

Question 25

These are present in the skin and mucosal epithelium

Answer 25

Mast cells

Question 26

Mast cells contain what? And cause what?

Answer 26

a. Vasoactive amines b. Vasodilation and capillary permeability

Question 26

These are lymphocyte-like cells

Answer 26

Innate lymphoid cells

Question 27

These produce cytokines but lack T cell antigen receptors (TCRs)

Answer 27

Innate lymphoid cells

Question 28

This system induces inflammation, opsonizes microbes enhancing their phagocytosis and causes osmotic lysis of microbes

Answer 28

Complement system

Question 28

What are the pathways that activate the complement system?

Answer 28

a. Alternative pathway b. Classical pathway c. Lectin pathway

Question 29

What initiates the alternative pathway?

Answer 29

Microbe

Question 30

What initiates the classical pathway?

Answer 30

Antibody

Question 31

What initiates the lectin pathway?

Answer 31

Mannose-binding lectin

Question 32

C3a =

Answer 32

Inflammation

Question 33

C3b =

Answer 33

Opsonization and phagocytosis

Question 34

C5a =

Answer 34

Inflammation

Question 34

C6-9 =

Answer 34

Lysis of microbe

Question 35

These kill virus-infected cells

Answer 35

NK cells

Question 36

These secrete interferon y (gamma) which activates macrophages

Answer 36

NK cells

Question 37

Do NK cells directly bind to pathogens and kill them?

Answer 37

No

Question 38

When the inhibitory receptor is not engaged, what does NK cell do?

Answer 38

Activated, kills the infected cell

Question 38

NK cell's inhibitory receptors engage what?

Answer 38

Self-antigens presented on an interacting cell X

Question 38

These are secreted by virus-infected cells and induce an anti-viral state in surrounding cells

Answer 38

IFN a/b

Question 39

When the inhibitory receptor is engaged, what does NK cell do?

Answer 39

Not activated

Question 40

How many signals are required for lymphocyte activation in the innate immune system?

Answer 40

2 signals