Lecture 1: Principles of microorganisms & the human body Flashcards
1
Q
What are the types of organisms in the microbiome?
A
a. Bacteria
b. Viruses
c. Fungi
d. Protozoa
2
Q
cocci
A
round
3
Q
bacilli
A
rod
4
Q
spirilla
A
cork-screw
5
Q
These are symbionts that harm or live at the expense of their host
A
Parasitic organisms
6
Q
These are organisms that are frequently found on or within the bodies of healthy persons
A
Commensal organisms
7
Q
What would be an example of a commensal organism?
A
Normal microbiota
8
Q
This is the disease that results from infection
A
Infectious disease
9
Q
This is the growth and multiplication of parasites on or within the host
A
Infections
10
Q
These are any parasitic organisms that cause infectious disease
A
Pathogen
11
Q
These cause disease by direct interaction with the host
A
Primary (frank) pathogen
12
Q
These cause disease only under certain circumstances
A
Opportunistic pathogens
13
Q
What are the 3 ways you can ENCOUNTER an infectious disease?
A
a. Exogenous
b. Endogenous
c. Congenital
13
Q
This is any component of a pathogenic microbe that is required for or that potentiates its ability to cause disease
A
Virulence factor
13
Q
This method of encounter is from outside your body
A
Exogenous
14
Q
This is the ability of the parasite to cause disease
A
Pathogenicity
15
Q
What are examples of exogenous disease?
A
a. Common cold
b. HIV/AIDs
16
Q
This method of encounter is from within your body such as contracting pneumonia
A
Endogenous
17
Q
This method of encounter is from birth
A
Congenital
18
Q
What are the different ways an infectious disease can gain entry? (encounter → entry)
A
a. Ingress
b. Penetration
18
Q
What are the steps in an infectious disease? (starting from encounter)
A
a. Encounter → entry → spread → multiplication → damage → outcome
18
Q
This is when microbes pass through the epithelia directly, insect bites, cuts, and wounds, organ transplants, and blood transfusions
A
Penetration - entry
19
Q
What are the manifestations of congenital encounters?
A
a. Growth retardation
b. Malformation
c. Fetal loss
20
Q
What are the ways you can “ingress” in the entry?
A
a. Inhalation
b. Ingestion
21
What are the ways infectious disease could spread?
a. Lateral propagation versus dissemination
b. Anatomical factors
c. Active participation by microbes
22
What are the outcomes of infectious disease?
a. Microbe wins
b. Host wins
c. Learn to coexist
23
What kind of damage is there in the steps of an infectious disease?
a. Direct damage
b. Immune response
24
Colonization by bacteria occurs [slow or rapidly] after birth?
Rapidly
24
These are “microbes” frequently found on or within the bodies of healthy persons
Normal microbiota
25
(T/F) bacteria in the microbiome of a healthy individual are essential for maintaining health?
True
26
Are bacteria or human cells more abundant in the human body?
Bacteria (10x)
27
(T/F) changes in the composition of our microbiome correlate with numerous disease states?
true
27
How much percent do bacteria make up of our weight?
a. 1-3%
28
These infections are associated with staphylococci
Catheter-associated infections
29
What are the locations in the body with the largest amounts of bacteria?
a. Skin
b. Respiratory tract
c. Digestive tract
d. Urinary tract
e. Genital system
29
These are examples where normal flora are sources of infection
a. Periodontitis
b. Pneumonia
c. Catheter-associated infections
29
This is the overgrowth of particular bacteria in gingival crevices
Periodontitis
29
This occurs when defenses are lowered and microaspirations of pneumococci
Pneumonia
30
Is saliva a mixture of inorganic and organic constituents?
Yes
31
How many species of bacteria are estimated to be present in the oral cavity?
700
32
This is an organic component that forms a coating on tooth surfaces
Salivary pellicle
32
This helps promote the aggregation of bacteria, facilitating their clearance from the mouth
Saliva
32
What are the organic constituents of saliva?
a. Proteins
b. Glycoproteins
33
This helps promote the adhesion of bacteria on tooth surfaces
Saliva
34
What is the main phagocyte in GCF?
Neutrophils
34
Do saliva and GCF help maintain pH?
Yes
35
This inhibits the growth of microbes by non-specific defense factors
Saliva
36
(T/F) Saliva and GCF promote change in pH?
False, help maintain
37
This helps flush microbes out of the crevice
GCF
38
This has specific and non-specific defense factors
GCF
39
Does saliva have a composition that is similar to blood serum?
no
40
Local pH will vary with _____ as a result of a bacterial metabolism
Diet
41
This is a measure of oxygen levels locality
Redox potential
42
What factors will modulate oral microbial growth?
a. Microbial factors
b. Local pH
c. Redox potential
d. Antimicrobial therapy
e. Diet
f. Iatrogenic factors (dental scaling)
43
What are the 3 domains of life?
a. Bacteria
b. Archaea
c. Eucarya
44
Membranes are an absolute requirement for _____
All living organisms
45
The plasma membrane contains what?
a. Lipids
b. Proteins
46
These ends of membrane lipids interact with water and are hydrophilic
Polar ends
46
These ends of membrane lipids are insoluble in water and hydrophobic
Nonpolar ends
47
This is when membrane lipids have a both polar and nonpolar component
Amphiphatics
48
Do eukaryotes AND prokaryotes have cholesterol?
Only eukaryotes
49
These are membrane proteins that are loosely associated with the membrane and easily removed
Peripheral proteins
49
What is the prokaryotic version of cholesterol?
Hopanoid
50
These are membrane proteins that are embedded within the membrane and not easily removed
Integral proteins
51
Is the plasma membrane selectively permeable?
yes
51
80S
Eukaryotic ribosomes
51
This is the site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
52
These are complex structures consisting of proteins and RNA
Ribosomes
52
These are granules of organic or inorganic material that are stockpiled by the cell for future use
Inclusion bodies
53
70S
a. Prokaryotic ribosomes
54
What does “S” stand for?
Svedburg unit
55
Prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus but a ____
Nucleoid
56
Are prokaryotic membranes membrane-bound?
No
56
Where is the location of the chromosome in prokaryotes?
Nucleoid
57
In actively growing cells, the nucleoid has ________ that contains ______
Projections that contain DNA being actively transcribed
58
What kind of chromosomes do prokaryotes have
Closed circular, double-stranded DNA
59
Nucleoid proteins probably aid in what?
Folding
60
These exist and replicate independently of chromosomes
Plasmids
61
Can prokaryotes have more than 1 chromosome?
Yes but it is unusual
61
These are usually small, closed circular DNA molecules
Plasmids
62
Many of these carry genes that confer a selective advantage
Plasmids
62
Gram-positive bacteria stain
purple
63
What are the functions of the cell wall?
a. Provide shape to the cell
b. Protect from osmotic lysis
64
Are plasmids required for growth and reproduction?
No
65
Gram-negative bacteria stain
pink
66
What bacteria type has a THICK peptidoglycan layer?
Gram-positive
67
What bacteria type has a thin peptidoglycan layer?
gram-negative
68
This is the gap between the plasma membrane and the cell wall
Periplasmic space
69
This is the substance that occupies the periplasmic space
Periplasm
70
These enzymes are found in the periplasm of gram-negative bacteria
Periplasmic enzymes
71
Peptidoglycan is formed by what 2 sugars?
a. NAG
b. NAM
72
The peptide component of peptidoglycan is connected to what?
a. N-acetylmuramic acid
72
These enzymes are secreted by gram-positive bacteria
Exoenzymes
73
These are polymers of glycerol or ribitol joined by phosphate groups
Teichoic acids
74
These consist of a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane
Gram-negative cell walls
75
Gram-positive bacteria are connected by what?
Peptide interbridge
75
Do positive or gram-negative contain teichoic acids?
Gram-positive
76
Do gram-negative have tectonic acid?
No
76
What molecule connects the outer membrane to peptidoglycan of gram-negative?
Braun’s lipoproteins
77
These contribute to the negative charge on the cell surface of LPS
Core polysaccharide
77
What molecules densely project from the surface of gram-negative bacteria?
Lipopolysaccharides
77
LPS consists of what 3 parts?
a. Lipid A
b. Core polysaccharide
c. O side chain (O antigen)
77
These provide protection from host defenses on LPS
O-antigen
78
This help stabilize the outer membrane structure in LPS
Lipid A
79
These can act as an endotoxin in LPS
Lipid A
80
These are composed of polysaccharides that coat bacterial cells
Capsules
81
These are similar to fimbriae except longer, thicker, and less numerous (1-10 cells)
Sex pili
81
Amphitrichous =
One flagellum at each end of the cell
81
These are similar to capsules except that diffuse, unorganized, and easily removed
Slime layers
82
These are short, thin, hairlike, proteinaceous appendages that help mediate attachment to surfaces
fibriae
83
Mobotrichous
1 flagellum
84
Polar flagellum =
Flagellum at the end of the cell
85
Lophotrichous =
A cluster of flagella at one or both ends
86
Peritrichous =
Spread over the entire surface of the cell
86
What are the 3 parts of flagella?
a. Filament
b. Basal body
c. Hook
87
The endospore is in what form?
a. Dormant form
88
This is an irregular network of branching and fusing membranous tubules and flattened sacs
Endoplasmic reticulum
89
This ER has ribosomes attached and synthesis of secreted proteins
Rough ER
90
His ER is devoid of ribosomes and does the synthesis of lipids
Smooth ER
91
This functions to transport proteins and lipids and is the major site of cell membrane synthesis, and synthesis of lysosomes
ER
91
These uptake solutes or particles by enclosing them in vesicles or vacuoles
Endocytosis
92
This is a stack of cisternae
Dictyosomes
93
This is involved in the modification, packaging, and secretion of materials
Golgi apparatus
94
The maturing face of the GA is also known as
Trans
95
The forming face of the GA is also known as
CIS
96
What face is associated with the ER?
Cis face
97
These contain hydrolytic enzymes needed for the digestion of macromolecules
Lysosomes
98
This is the uptake of particles or bacterial cells
Phagocytosis
99
What are the parts of the mitochondria?
a. Outer membrane
b. Inner membrane
c. Matrix
99
What membrane of the mitochondria is highly folded to form cristae?
Inner membrane
99
This is the uptake of solutes
Pinocytosis
100
This is the location of enzymes and electron carriers for the electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation
Inner membrane
101
This contains enzymes of the TCA cycle and B-oxidation pathway
Matrix
101
This contains ribosomes, DNA, and large calcium phosphate granules
a. Matrix
