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Microbiology > Lecture 1: Principles of microorganisms & the human body > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Principles of microorganisms & the human body Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the types of organisms in the microbiome?

A

a. Bacteria
b. Viruses
c. Fungi
d. Protozoa

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2
Q

cocci

A

round

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3
Q

bacilli

A

rod

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4
Q

spirilla

A

cork-screw

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5
Q

These are symbionts that harm or live at the expense of their host

A

Parasitic organisms

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6
Q

These are organisms that are frequently found on or within the bodies of healthy persons

A

Commensal organisms

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7
Q

What would be an example of a commensal organism?

A

Normal microbiota

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8
Q

This is the disease that results from infection

A

Infectious disease

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9
Q

This is the growth and multiplication of parasites on or within the host

A

Infections

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10
Q

These are any parasitic organisms that cause infectious disease

A

Pathogen

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11
Q

These cause disease by direct interaction with the host

A

Primary (frank) pathogen

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12
Q

These cause disease only under certain circumstances

A

Opportunistic pathogens

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13
Q

What are the 3 ways you can ENCOUNTER an infectious disease?

A

a. Exogenous
b. Endogenous
c. Congenital

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13
Q

This is any component of a pathogenic microbe that is required for or that potentiates its ability to cause disease

A

Virulence factor

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13
Q

This method of encounter is from outside your body

A

Exogenous

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14
Q

This is the ability of the parasite to cause disease

A

Pathogenicity

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15
Q

What are examples of exogenous disease?

A

a. Common cold
b. HIV/AIDs

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16
Q

This method of encounter is from within your body such as contracting pneumonia

A

Endogenous

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17
Q

This method of encounter is from birth

A

Congenital

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18
Q

What are the different ways an infectious disease can gain entry? (encounter → entry)

A

a. Ingress
b. Penetration

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18
Q

What are the steps in an infectious disease? (starting from encounter)

A

a. Encounter → entry → spread → multiplication → damage → outcome

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18
Q

This is when microbes pass through the epithelia directly, insect bites, cuts, and wounds, organ transplants, and blood transfusions

A

Penetration - entry

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19
Q

What are the manifestations of congenital encounters?

A

a. Growth retardation
b. Malformation
c. Fetal loss

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20
Q

What are the ways you can “ingress” in the entry?

A

a. Inhalation
b. Ingestion

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21
Q

What are the ways infectious disease could spread?

A

a. Lateral propagation versus dissemination
b. Anatomical factors
c. Active participation by microbes

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22
Q

What are the outcomes of infectious disease?

A

a. Microbe wins
b. Host wins
c. Learn to coexist

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23
Q

What kind of damage is there in the steps of an infectious disease?

A

a. Direct damage
b. Immune response

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24
Q

Colonization by bacteria occurs [slow or rapidly] after birth?

A

Rapidly

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24
Q

These are “microbes” frequently found on or within the bodies of healthy persons

A

Normal microbiota

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25
Q

(T/F) bacteria in the microbiome of a healthy individual are essential for maintaining health?

A

True

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26
Q

Are bacteria or human cells more abundant in the human body?

A

Bacteria (10x)

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27
Q

(T/F) changes in the composition of our microbiome correlate with numerous disease states?

A

true

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27
Q

How much percent do bacteria make up of our weight?

A

a. 1-3%

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28
Q

These infections are associated with staphylococci

A

Catheter-associated infections

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29
Q

What are the locations in the body with the largest amounts of bacteria?

A

a. Skin
b. Respiratory tract
c. Digestive tract
d. Urinary tract
e. Genital system

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29
Q

These are examples where normal flora are sources of infection

A

a. Periodontitis
b. Pneumonia
c. Catheter-associated infections

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29
Q

This is the overgrowth of particular bacteria in gingival crevices

A

Periodontitis

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29
Q

This occurs when defenses are lowered and microaspirations of pneumococci

A

Pneumonia

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30
Q

Is saliva a mixture of inorganic and organic constituents?

A

Yes

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31
Q

How many species of bacteria are estimated to be present in the oral cavity?

A

700

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32
Q

This is an organic component that forms a coating on tooth surfaces

A

Salivary pellicle

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32
Q

This helps promote the aggregation of bacteria, facilitating their clearance from the mouth

A

Saliva

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32
Q

What are the organic constituents of saliva?

A

a. Proteins
b. Glycoproteins

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33
Q

This helps promote the adhesion of bacteria on tooth surfaces

A

Saliva

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34
Q

What is the main phagocyte in GCF?

A

Neutrophils

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34
Q

Do saliva and GCF help maintain pH?

A

Yes

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35
Q

This inhibits the growth of microbes by non-specific defense factors

A

Saliva

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36
Q

(T/F) Saliva and GCF promote change in pH?

A

False, help maintain

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37
Q

This helps flush microbes out of the crevice

A

GCF

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38
Q

This has specific and non-specific defense factors

A

GCF

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39
Q

Does saliva have a composition that is similar to blood serum?

A

no

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40
Q

Local pH will vary with _____ as a result of a bacterial metabolism

A

Diet

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41
Q

This is a measure of oxygen levels locality

A

Redox potential

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42
Q

What factors will modulate oral microbial growth?

A

a. Microbial factors
b. Local pH
c. Redox potential
d. Antimicrobial therapy
e. Diet
f. Iatrogenic factors (dental scaling)

43
Q

What are the 3 domains of life?

A

a. Bacteria
b. Archaea
c. Eucarya

44
Q

Membranes are an absolute requirement for _____

A

All living organisms

45
Q

The plasma membrane contains what?

A

a. Lipids
b. Proteins

46
Q

These ends of membrane lipids interact with water and are hydrophilic

A

Polar ends

46
Q

These ends of membrane lipids are insoluble in water and hydrophobic

A

Nonpolar ends

47
Q

This is when membrane lipids have a both polar and nonpolar component

A

Amphiphatics

48
Q

Do eukaryotes AND prokaryotes have cholesterol?

A

Only eukaryotes

49
Q

These are membrane proteins that are loosely associated with the membrane and easily removed

A

Peripheral proteins

49
Q

What is the prokaryotic version of cholesterol?

A

Hopanoid

50
Q

These are membrane proteins that are embedded within the membrane and not easily removed

A

Integral proteins

51
Q

Is the plasma membrane selectively permeable?

A

yes

51
Q

80S

A

Eukaryotic ribosomes

51
Q

This is the site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

52
Q

These are complex structures consisting of proteins and RNA

A

Ribosomes

52
Q

These are granules of organic or inorganic material that are stockpiled by the cell for future use

A

Inclusion bodies

53
Q

70S

A

a. Prokaryotic ribosomes

54
Q

What does “S” stand for?

A

Svedburg unit

55
Q

Prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus but a ____

A

Nucleoid

56
Q

Are prokaryotic membranes membrane-bound?

A

No

56
Q

Where is the location of the chromosome in prokaryotes?

A

Nucleoid

57
Q

In actively growing cells, the nucleoid has ________ that contains ______

A

Projections that contain DNA being actively transcribed

58
Q

What kind of chromosomes do prokaryotes have

A

Closed circular, double-stranded DNA

59
Q

Nucleoid proteins probably aid in what?

A

Folding

60
Q

These exist and replicate independently of chromosomes

A

Plasmids

61
Q

Can prokaryotes have more than 1 chromosome?

A

Yes but it is unusual

61
Q

These are usually small, closed circular DNA molecules

A

Plasmids

62
Q

Many of these carry genes that confer a selective advantage

A

Plasmids

62
Q

Gram-positive bacteria stain

A

purple

63
Q

What are the functions of the cell wall?

A

a. Provide shape to the cell
b. Protect from osmotic lysis

64
Q

Are plasmids required for growth and reproduction?

A

No

65
Q

Gram-negative bacteria stain

A

pink

66
Q

What bacteria type has a THICK peptidoglycan layer?

A

Gram-positive

67
Q

What bacteria type has a thin peptidoglycan layer?

A

gram-negative

68
Q

This is the gap between the plasma membrane and the cell wall

A

Periplasmic space

69
Q

This is the substance that occupies the periplasmic space

A

Periplasm

70
Q

These enzymes are found in the periplasm of gram-negative bacteria

A

Periplasmic enzymes

71
Q

Peptidoglycan is formed by what 2 sugars?

A

a. NAG
b. NAM

72
Q

The peptide component of peptidoglycan is connected to what?

A

a. N-acetylmuramic acid

72
Q

These enzymes are secreted by gram-positive bacteria

A

Exoenzymes

73
Q

These are polymers of glycerol or ribitol joined by phosphate groups

A

Teichoic acids

74
Q

These consist of a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane

A

Gram-negative cell walls

75
Q

Gram-positive bacteria are connected by what?

A

Peptide interbridge

75
Q

Do positive or gram-negative contain teichoic acids?

A

Gram-positive

76
Q

Do gram-negative have tectonic acid?

A

No

76
Q

What molecule connects the outer membrane to peptidoglycan of gram-negative?

A

Braun’s lipoproteins

77
Q

These contribute to the negative charge on the cell surface of LPS

A

Core polysaccharide

77
Q

What molecules densely project from the surface of gram-negative bacteria?

A

Lipopolysaccharides

77
Q

LPS consists of what 3 parts?

A

a. Lipid A
b. Core polysaccharide
c. O side chain (O antigen)

77
Q

These provide protection from host defenses on LPS

A

O-antigen

78
Q

This help stabilize the outer membrane structure in LPS

A

Lipid A

79
Q

These can act as an endotoxin in LPS

A

Lipid A

80
Q

These are composed of polysaccharides that coat bacterial cells

A

Capsules

81
Q

These are similar to fimbriae except longer, thicker, and less numerous (1-10 cells)

A

Sex pili

81
Q

Amphitrichous =

A

One flagellum at each end of the cell

81
Q

These are similar to capsules except that diffuse, unorganized, and easily removed

A

Slime layers

82
Q

These are short, thin, hairlike, proteinaceous appendages that help mediate attachment to surfaces

A

fibriae

83
Q

Mobotrichous

A

1 flagellum

84
Q

Polar flagellum =

A

Flagellum at the end of the cell

85
Q

Lophotrichous =

A

A cluster of flagella at one or both ends

86
Q

Peritrichous =

A

Spread over the entire surface of the cell

86
Q

What are the 3 parts of flagella?

A

a. Filament
b. Basal body
c. Hook

87
Q

The endospore is in what form?

A

a. Dormant form

88
Q

This is an irregular network of branching and fusing membranous tubules and flattened sacs

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

89
Q

This ER has ribosomes attached and synthesis of secreted proteins

A

Rough ER

90
Q

His ER is devoid of ribosomes and does the synthesis of lipids

A

Smooth ER

91
Q

This functions to transport proteins and lipids and is the major site of cell membrane synthesis, and synthesis of lysosomes

A

ER

91
Q

These uptake solutes or particles by enclosing them in vesicles or vacuoles

A

Endocytosis

92
Q

This is a stack of cisternae

A

Dictyosomes

93
Q

This is involved in the modification, packaging, and secretion of materials

A

Golgi apparatus

94
Q

The maturing face of the GA is also known as

A

Trans

95
Q

The forming face of the GA is also known as

A

CIS

96
Q

What face is associated with the ER?

A

Cis face

97
Q

These contain hydrolytic enzymes needed for the digestion of macromolecules

A

Lysosomes

98
Q

This is the uptake of particles or bacterial cells

A

Phagocytosis

99
Q

What are the parts of the mitochondria?

A

a. Outer membrane
b. Inner membrane
c. Matrix

99
Q

What membrane of the mitochondria is highly folded to form cristae?

A

Inner membrane

99
Q

This is the uptake of solutes

A

Pinocytosis

100
Q

This is the location of enzymes and electron carriers for the electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation

A

Inner membrane

101
Q

This contains enzymes of the TCA cycle and B-oxidation pathway

A

Matrix

101
Q

This contains ribosomes, DNA, and large calcium phosphate granules

A

a. Matrix

Microbiology (6 decks)

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