Lecture 1: Principles of microorganisms & the human body Flashcards
What are the types of organisms in the microbiome?
a. Bacteria
b. Viruses
c. Fungi
d. Protozoa
cocci
round
bacilli
rod
spirilla
cork-screw
These are symbionts that harm or live at the expense of their host
Parasitic organisms
These are organisms that are frequently found on or within the bodies of healthy persons
Commensal organisms
What would be an example of a commensal organism?
Normal microbiota
This is the disease that results from infection
Infectious disease
This is the growth and multiplication of parasites on or within the host
Infections
These are any parasitic organisms that cause infectious disease
Pathogen
These cause disease by direct interaction with the host
Primary (frank) pathogen
These cause disease only under certain circumstances
Opportunistic pathogens
What are the 3 ways you can ENCOUNTER an infectious disease?
a. Exogenous
b. Endogenous
c. Congenital
This is any component of a pathogenic microbe that is required for or that potentiates its ability to cause disease
Virulence factor
This method of encounter is from outside your body
Exogenous
This is the ability of the parasite to cause disease
Pathogenicity
What are examples of exogenous disease?
a. Common cold
b. HIV/AIDs
This method of encounter is from within your body such as contracting pneumonia
Endogenous
This method of encounter is from birth
Congenital
What are the different ways an infectious disease can gain entry? (encounter → entry)
a. Ingress
b. Penetration
What are the steps in an infectious disease? (starting from encounter)
a. Encounter → entry → spread → multiplication → damage → outcome
This is when microbes pass through the epithelia directly, insect bites, cuts, and wounds, organ transplants, and blood transfusions
Penetration - entry
What are the manifestations of congenital encounters?
a. Growth retardation
b. Malformation
c. Fetal loss
What are the ways you can “ingress” in the entry?
a. Inhalation
b. Ingestion
What are the ways infectious disease could spread?
a. Lateral propagation versus dissemination
b. Anatomical factors
c. Active participation by microbes
What are the outcomes of infectious disease?
a. Microbe wins
b. Host wins
c. Learn to coexist
What kind of damage is there in the steps of an infectious disease?
a. Direct damage
b. Immune response
Colonization by bacteria occurs [slow or rapidly] after birth?
Rapidly
These are “microbes” frequently found on or within the bodies of healthy persons
Normal microbiota
(T/F) bacteria in the microbiome of a healthy individual are essential for maintaining health?
True
Are bacteria or human cells more abundant in the human body?
Bacteria (10x)
(T/F) changes in the composition of our microbiome correlate with numerous disease states?
true
How much percent do bacteria make up of our weight?
a. 1-3%
These infections are associated with staphylococci
Catheter-associated infections
What are the locations in the body with the largest amounts of bacteria?
a. Skin
b. Respiratory tract
c. Digestive tract
d. Urinary tract
e. Genital system
These are examples where normal flora are sources of infection
a. Periodontitis
b. Pneumonia
c. Catheter-associated infections
This is the overgrowth of particular bacteria in gingival crevices
Periodontitis
This occurs when defenses are lowered and microaspirations of pneumococci
Pneumonia
Is saliva a mixture of inorganic and organic constituents?
Yes
How many species of bacteria are estimated to be present in the oral cavity?
700
This is an organic component that forms a coating on tooth surfaces
Salivary pellicle
This helps promote the aggregation of bacteria, facilitating their clearance from the mouth
Saliva
What are the organic constituents of saliva?
a. Proteins
b. Glycoproteins
This helps promote the adhesion of bacteria on tooth surfaces
Saliva
What is the main phagocyte in GCF?
Neutrophils
Do saliva and GCF help maintain pH?
Yes
This inhibits the growth of microbes by non-specific defense factors
Saliva
(T/F) Saliva and GCF promote change in pH?
False, help maintain
This helps flush microbes out of the crevice
GCF
This has specific and non-specific defense factors
GCF
Does saliva have a composition that is similar to blood serum?
no
Local pH will vary with _____ as a result of a bacterial metabolism
Diet
This is a measure of oxygen levels locality
Redox potential
What factors will modulate oral microbial growth?
a. Microbial factors
b. Local pH
c. Redox potential
d. Antimicrobial therapy
e. Diet
f. Iatrogenic factors (dental scaling)
What are the 3 domains of life?
a. Bacteria
b. Archaea
c. Eucarya
Membranes are an absolute requirement for _____
All living organisms
The plasma membrane contains what?
a. Lipids
b. Proteins
These ends of membrane lipids interact with water and are hydrophilic
Polar ends
These ends of membrane lipids are insoluble in water and hydrophobic
Nonpolar ends
This is when membrane lipids have a both polar and nonpolar component
Amphiphatics
Do eukaryotes AND prokaryotes have cholesterol?
Only eukaryotes
These are membrane proteins that are loosely associated with the membrane and easily removed
Peripheral proteins
What is the prokaryotic version of cholesterol?
Hopanoid
These are membrane proteins that are embedded within the membrane and not easily removed
Integral proteins
Is the plasma membrane selectively permeable?
yes
80S
Eukaryotic ribosomes
This is the site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
These are complex structures consisting of proteins and RNA
Ribosomes
These are granules of organic or inorganic material that are stockpiled by the cell for future use
Inclusion bodies
70S
a. Prokaryotic ribosomes
What does “S” stand for?
Svedburg unit
Prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus but a ____
Nucleoid
Are prokaryotic membranes membrane-bound?
No
Where is the location of the chromosome in prokaryotes?
Nucleoid
In actively growing cells, the nucleoid has ________ that contains ______
Projections that contain DNA being actively transcribed
What kind of chromosomes do prokaryotes have
Closed circular, double-stranded DNA
Nucleoid proteins probably aid in what?
Folding
These exist and replicate independently of chromosomes
Plasmids
Can prokaryotes have more than 1 chromosome?
Yes but it is unusual
These are usually small, closed circular DNA molecules
Plasmids
Many of these carry genes that confer a selective advantage
Plasmids
Gram-positive bacteria stain
purple
What are the functions of the cell wall?
a. Provide shape to the cell
b. Protect from osmotic lysis
Are plasmids required for growth and reproduction?
No
Gram-negative bacteria stain
pink
What bacteria type has a THICK peptidoglycan layer?
Gram-positive
What bacteria type has a thin peptidoglycan layer?
gram-negative
This is the gap between the plasma membrane and the cell wall
Periplasmic space
This is the substance that occupies the periplasmic space
Periplasm
These enzymes are found in the periplasm of gram-negative bacteria
Periplasmic enzymes
Peptidoglycan is formed by what 2 sugars?
a. NAG
b. NAM
The peptide component of peptidoglycan is connected to what?
a. N-acetylmuramic acid
These enzymes are secreted by gram-positive bacteria
Exoenzymes
These are polymers of glycerol or ribitol joined by phosphate groups
Teichoic acids
These consist of a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane
Gram-negative cell walls
Gram-positive bacteria are connected by what?
Peptide interbridge
Do positive or gram-negative contain teichoic acids?
Gram-positive
Do gram-negative have tectonic acid?
No
What molecule connects the outer membrane to peptidoglycan of gram-negative?
Braun’s lipoproteins
These contribute to the negative charge on the cell surface of LPS
Core polysaccharide
What molecules densely project from the surface of gram-negative bacteria?
Lipopolysaccharides
LPS consists of what 3 parts?
a. Lipid A
b. Core polysaccharide
c. O side chain (O antigen)
These provide protection from host defenses on LPS
O-antigen
This help stabilize the outer membrane structure in LPS
Lipid A
These can act as an endotoxin in LPS
Lipid A
These are composed of polysaccharides that coat bacterial cells
Capsules
These are similar to fimbriae except longer, thicker, and less numerous (1-10 cells)
Sex pili
Amphitrichous =
One flagellum at each end of the cell
These are similar to capsules except that diffuse, unorganized, and easily removed
Slime layers
These are short, thin, hairlike, proteinaceous appendages that help mediate attachment to surfaces
fibriae
Mobotrichous
1 flagellum
Polar flagellum =
Flagellum at the end of the cell
Lophotrichous =
A cluster of flagella at one or both ends
Peritrichous =
Spread over the entire surface of the cell
What are the 3 parts of flagella?
a. Filament
b. Basal body
c. Hook
The endospore is in what form?
a. Dormant form
This is an irregular network of branching and fusing membranous tubules and flattened sacs
Endoplasmic reticulum
This ER has ribosomes attached and synthesis of secreted proteins
Rough ER
His ER is devoid of ribosomes and does the synthesis of lipids
Smooth ER
This functions to transport proteins and lipids and is the major site of cell membrane synthesis, and synthesis of lysosomes
ER
These uptake solutes or particles by enclosing them in vesicles or vacuoles
Endocytosis
This is a stack of cisternae
Dictyosomes
This is involved in the modification, packaging, and secretion of materials
Golgi apparatus
The maturing face of the GA is also known as
Trans
The forming face of the GA is also known as
CIS
What face is associated with the ER?
Cis face
These contain hydrolytic enzymes needed for the digestion of macromolecules
Lysosomes
This is the uptake of particles or bacterial cells
Phagocytosis
What are the parts of the mitochondria?
a. Outer membrane
b. Inner membrane
c. Matrix
What membrane of the mitochondria is highly folded to form cristae?
Inner membrane
This is the uptake of solutes
Pinocytosis
This is the location of enzymes and electron carriers for the electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation
Inner membrane
This contains enzymes of the TCA cycle and B-oxidation pathway
Matrix
This contains ribosomes, DNA, and large calcium phosphate granules
a. Matrix
