Lecture 2: Microbial physiology and metabolism

Question 1

What macromolecules are required for cell components?

Answer 1

a. C
b. O
c. N
d. S
e. P

Question 2

What trace elements are required for cell components?

Answer 2

a. Mn, Zn, Co, Mb, Ni, Cu

Question 3

This organism uses light as energy

Answer 3

Phototrophs

Question 4

This organism uses the oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds

Answer 4

Chemotrophs

Question 5

These organisms use reduced inorganic molecules

Answer 5

Lithotrophs

Question 6

These organisms use organic molecules

Answer 6

Organotrophs

Question 7

These organisms use CO2 mainly

Answer 7

Autotrophs

Question 8

These organisms use reduced, preformed organic molecules (carbon)

Answer 8

Heterotrophs

Question 9

How do organisms get their Nitrogen source?

Answer 9

Ammonia nitrate → ammonia

Question 9

What lifestyle do all organisms engage in?

Answer 9

Chemoorganotrophic heterotrophy

Question 10

These perform anaerobic respiration and fermentation

Answer 10

Strict anaerobes

Question 10

These perform aerobic respiration only

Answer 10

Strict aerobes

Question 11

Strict aerobes have what final electron acceptor?

Answer 11

Oxygen

Question 12

What is the final electron acceptor for strict anaerobes performing fermentation?

Answer 12

Organic molecules

Question 12

What is the final electron acceptor for strict anaerobes performing anaerobic respiration?

Answer 12

Inorganic molecule

Question 12

Facultative anaerobes can perform what?

Answer 12

Respiration and fermentation

Question 13

The cytochrome d branch on E. coli is what phase?

Answer 13

Low aeration, stationary phase

Question 13

What is the most medically relevant bacteria?

Answer 13

Facultative anaerobes

Question 14

The cytochrome O branch on E. Coli is what phase?

Answer 14

High aeration, log phase

Question 15

These have a special CO2 requirement

Answer 15

Capnophilic

Question 16

This moves from higher concentration to lower concentration

Answer 16

Facilitated diffusion

Question 17

Does facilitated diffusion have an energy requirement?

Answer 17

No

Question 18

These are carrier proteins that are embedded in the plasma membrane that aid in facilitated diffusion

Answer 18

Permeases

Question 18

Is the rate of transport faster for facilitated or passive?

Answer 18

Facilitated diffusion

Question 19

These are transported substances that are ALTERED chemically during the process

Answer 19

Group translocation

Question 19

This is when energy is used to drive the accumulation of a substance, which remains UNCHANGED by the transport process

Answer 19

Active transport

Question 20

What energy and system does group translocation use?

Answer 20

a. PEP b. Phosphotransferase system

Question 21

What kind of active transport systems are there?

Answer 21

a. Ion-driven b. Binding protein-dependent

Question 22

This active transport system uses proton motive force by coupling to an energetically unfavorable transport event

Answer 22

Ion-driven transport system

Question 23

What are common substances transferred by the ion-driven transport system?

Answer 23

Amino acids

Question 24

This active transport system, use membrane proteins that form a channel and drive substance through the channel and drive substances through the channel using the energy from ATP hydrolysis

Answer 24

Binding protein-dependent

Question 25

32. What are the common substances transferred by the binding-protein dependent system?

Answer 25

a. Sugar b. Amino acids

Question 26

Is ferric iron soluble or insoluble?

Answer 26

Insoluble

Question 27

What do microorganisms use to aid in iron uptake?

Answer 27

Siderophores

Question 28

These are organisms that have complex needs and can only grown in association with the human body or in a complex culture medium

Answer 28

Nutritionally fastidious

Question 29

What is an example of a organism that requires complex needs or a complex culture such as BLOOD AGAR?

Answer 29

a. Staphylococci b. Streptococci

Question 30

What is an example of a bacteria that is a obligate intracellular parasite?

Answer 30

Chlamydia

Question 31

What are the stages of microbial growth and resting states?

Answer 31

a. Lag b. Exponential c. Stationary

Question 32

The result of regulation is that pathways can be

Answer 32

a. Switched on and off b. Be turned up or turned down

Question 33

How is control established?

Answer 33

a. Control of enzyme activity b. Control number of enzyme molecules

Question 33

Allosteric sites bind regulatory molecules that are

Answer 33

a. Noncovalent b. Reversible c. Affects the activity of the enzyme

Question 33

This is when an enzyme is not bound to the active site but to a different site for regulation?

Answer 33

Allosteric regulation

Question 33

A cell has abundant levels of leucine and, as a consequence, decreases the production of an enzyme for leucine biosynthesis by terminating transcription of the mRNA for the enzyme after it has already started. The mechanisms involves ribosomes read-through of a small open reading fram at the 5’ end of the mRNA that results in creation of a transcription structure in the mRNA. This is an example of

Answer 33

Attenuation

Question 34

Allosteric regulation directly affects what?

Answer 34

a. Change affinity of the enzyme for substrate b. Changes in vmax

Question 35

This increases initiation of TRANSCRIPTION of the mRNA region

Answer 35

Gene induction by an inducer

Question 35

Attenuation occurs in what region of enzyme synthesis, does what, and what molecule?

Answer 35

a. mRNA b. Terminates transcription is abundant leucine or starts if no leucine c. Leucine

Question 36

The lac repressor protein does what?

Answer 36

Blocks transcription for the coding region

Question 36

These help block transcription by placing a protein next or the operator site

Answer 36

Gene repression by a corepressor

Question 37

What does an inducer do?

Answer 37

Blocks the lac repressor protein allowing for transcription

Question 38

A cell has abundant levels of tryptophan and, as a consequence, decreases the production of an enzyme for tryptophan biosynthesis by preventing the initiation of transcription of the mRNA for the enzyme. This is an example of

Answer 38

Gene repression by a corepressor