Lecture 5: Hematology & Immunity Flashcards
Erythrocytes have no _____, have _______, and work to transport ____ and ____.
Nucleus, hemoglobin, O2, CO2
Leukocytes are _____ and are generally _____ cells. Platelets have no ______ and allow ______.
Nucleated, immune, nucleus, clotting
What causes reduced hematocrit (lower RBCs in centrifuge)?
Anemia, vitamin deficiency
What causes increased hematocrit (higher RBCs in centrifuge)?
Polycythemia, dehydration, high altitude/smokers
Why is type O blood the “universal” donor
It has no surface antigens that will trigger an immune response in recipients of different blood types
Which antibodies in plasma are present in A, B, AB, and O blood types?
A = anti-B antibodies
B = anti-A antibodies
AB = no antibodies
O = anti-A and anti-B antibodies
What antigens are present on type A, B, AB, and O blood?
Each blood type has its respective antigen on it. O blood has NO antigens.
Hemoglobin is made of 4 __________ chains. It has one ___ ______ attached to each chain. Each of these has one ___ ion that can combine with oxygen.
Polypeptide. Heme pigment. Iron.
Red blood cells cannot repair due to lack of _____. ________ in the liver/spleen/BM _______ worn out RBCs and break apart __________.
Organelles, macrophages, phagocytose, hemoglobin
When broken down, what does globin contain? What does heme contain?
Globin = amino acids
Heme = iron, non-iron (biliverdin to bilirubin)
What happens when bilirubin travels to the liver? What molecule is it called once it enters the GI tract?
Bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid and can be released into bile. Bilirubin diglucuronide.
What is bilirubin diglucuronide converted to in the large intestine? What does it break down into?
Converted by bacteria into urobilinogen. Urobilin –> urine. Stercobilin –> feces.
The skin is composed of tightly packed cells, ________ layer of ____ cells.
Keratinized, dead
What does sebum do as a mechanical barrier? Lysozyme? Dermcidin?
Sebum = inhibit growth of bacteria
Lysozyme (sweat) = digest bacterial walls
Dermcidin (sweat) = bind bacterial membranes & create holes
What do damaged cells do during acute inflammation? Normal cells?
Damaged = indicate something is wrong, release interferons
Normal cells = PRRs activate inflammation
What do macrophages release during acute inflammation?
Chemokines/cytokines
What are the two ways of communication between immune cells?
Ligand bonding
Physical bonding
What are two examples of endothelial activating mediators? What produces them?
Leukotrienes, prostaglandins. Produced by macrophages
What are the first immune cells to activate acute inflammation? What comes next?
Neutrophils. Monocytes –> macrophage
Describe the 3 main phagocytes.
Neutrophils: 1st to arrive
Monocytes: attracted to chemokines, become macrophages
Dendritic: tissue resident or move into tissue
How do phagocytes know which cell is a pathogen?
Use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to see special PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns)
Why are dendritic cells so special?
They activate T/B cells. They process pathogen (phagocyte), and present parts of it on surface (APC). Present the pathogen to T helper cell.
How do NK cells work?
Found in blood/tissues, attack cancerous/infected cell. Kill via perforin and granzyme.
What are the 5 phases of the adaptive immune response?
- antigen recognition
- activation of T/B cells
- elimination
- decline of effector cells
- develop memory
An epitope is a small defined structure on an _______ that can induce an _____ ______ by binding a receptor on a ____ _______.
Antigen, immune response, T/B cell
What do dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells have in common? What do they do?
APCs. They process/display antigens as peptides on their MHCs (cell surface), can activate T cells.
How a pathogen enters a cell determines whether it is presented by ____ or _______.
MHC I, MHC II
If an antigen is processed endogenously, it will be presented on ____ and presents to ___________ T cells.
MHC I, CD8 (cytotoxic)
If an antigen is processed exogenously, it will be presented on _____ and presents to _____ T cells.
MHC II, CD4 (helper)
What is the same about T/B cells? What is different?
Same: long life span, can regenerate, have unique receptors
Different: T cells develop in thymus and have one binding site, B cells develop in bone marrow and have 2 binding sites
What is the goal of cell mediated immunity? What happens during signal 1?
Target infected/cancerous cells. Signal 1: receptor on T cell binds to Ag in an MHC1/2 molecule.
What happens during signal 2 and signal 3 during cell mediated adaptive immunity?
- co-stimulation between APC surface molecules & T cells
- Cytokines release, allow T cells to survive
What do cytotoxic T cells release?
Release interferons to recruit macrophages to help fight infection
What are the two types of CD4 cells?
Th1 = activate macrophages, generate CD8 cells
Th2 = expel parasites by secreting cytokines (recruit eosinophils/mast cells) to kill. Activate B cells
Which antibody can cross the placenta? Which found in milk?
IgG. IgM.
What occurs in hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Rh- mother carries Rh+ child. Rh+ antigens enter mother’s blood, and mother will produce Anti-Rh bodies. In 2nd pregnancy, can cause problems.
