Final Exam Culminating Flashcards
What is hemagglutinin? What does it bind to?
Surface antigen that subdivides influenza A. Binds to sialic acid.
What is neuraminidase and its 3 functions?
Surface antigen that subdivides influenza A. 1. binds sialic acid to release virus from infected cell
2. degrades mucous in resp tract
3. increases infectivity in resp tract
Describe the structure of herpes virus and name the 5 strands.
Double-stranded DNA.
1. HSV1
2. HSV2
3. VSV
4. EBV
5. CMV
Which herpes viruses can be transferred in-utero? Postnatally? What would be used to treat these infants?
In-utero: CMV, VSV
Postnatally: HSV1, HSV2
(EBV (mono) has no fetal infection)
Acyclovir would be used to treat.
What does CMV infect, how is it transferred? Pregnancy implications/treatment?
Infects salivary glands and lungs, transferred through saliva and sex. Can be transferred in-utero (causes CNS problems, deafness), treat with Acyclovir.
Distinguish between acute and chronic hepatitis.
Acute = liver enlargement, jaundice
Chronic = hepatic enzymes in blood
What is the structure of parvovirus? How is it transferred, pregnancy implication?
ssDNA. Usually resp-passed, can occur in utero. Can cause mild illness in infants, rare miscarriage.
What structure is Hep A vs. Hep B? Which can cause acute vs. chronic infections?
Hep A = ssRNA. Hep B = dsDNA. Hep B can cause both acute and chronic, Hep A can only cause acute.
What are the ABCDs of hep B?
Transfer through ass (sex), blood. Can cause chronic infection, double stranded DNA
What are the FGHIJs of hep A?
Transfer through fecal-oral route, IgG treatment, high fever, intense jaundice
What is HCV known for? Fetal transfer?
Represents 50% of all chronic hep cases. Yes, feta transfer is possible.
Which disease increases the risk of HCV? Which antiviral CANNOT be used during pregnancy?
HIV. Ribavirin (teratogenic).
Hepatitis E is spread by the ________ route, and is ________ in pregnant women. It causes ______, which causes excessive _______.
Fecal-oral, deadly, DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation), coagulation.
Describe the structure of rubella. What are the LMNOPs of rubella?
Enveloped ssRNA. Lifelong immunity from MMR vaccine or natural infection, “oh no’s” caused by placental or resp infection.
What malformations can occur due to rubella (the “oh no’s”)?
Microcephaly, heart defects, cataracts
Describe the structure of HTLV-1? How is it transferred, why is this important in pregnancy?
ssRNA, retrovirus, enveloped. Can be spread by sex, blood milk, has breastfeeding implications, especially in African/Caribbean/SA populations.
Which two hepatitis strands cause chronic infection/liver cancer?
Hep B, C
Differentiate between parasitism, mutualism, commensalism.
Parasitism = relationship harms one party
Mutualism = relationship benefits both parties
Commensalism = relationship benefits one party, other is unaffected
What are two ways that commensal microbes can benefit us?
- prevent colonization of more pathogenic species
- produce metabolites for host ex. B12
What are the four stages of infectious disease?
incubation, prodrome, specific-illness, recovery
What are the five aspects of pathogenesis?
colonization/transmission
adherence
invasiveness
toxins
ability to evade immune response
What are the three methods of transmission in humans vs. animals?
Humans: resp/salivary, fecal/oral, venereal
Animal: vector, vertebrate reservoir, vector-vertebrate reservoir
What does hyaluronidase do? Lipase?
Hyaluronidase: Breaks up connective tissues to penetrate deep into tissue.
Lipases: Penetrate oily sebaceous glands.
List characteristics of exotoxins.
Typically polypeptides released into surrounding areas. They are antigenic, specific to a bacterial strain. Can be modified to form a toxoid (antigenic but not toxic, sued in immunizations).
Name 3 examples of beta-lactams, and what makes them beta-lactams.
Penicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin. Ring structure that is highly antibacterial.
Penicillin binds to ______, which inhibit _______, which catalyze the formation of _________.
Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), transpeptidases, peptidoglycan
Name 2 bacteria that penicillin impact, and 2 bacteria that ampicillin/amoxicillin impact.
Penicillin: neisseria, treponema pallidum
Amp/Amox: salmonella, e. coli
Which antibiotic(s) best target staphylococcus aureus?
Nafcillin, dicloxacillin
Which three antibiotics decrease the effectiveness of birth control pills?
Ampicillin, amoxicillin, rifamycin
Name 3 disadvantages of penicillin.
- ineffective against gram-negative bacteria
- frequent doses necessary
- inactivated by beta lactamases
Describe cephalosporins and differences between their generations. What are they used for?
6-sides rings with a beta-lactam group. 1st gen is only effective against gram-pos, later generations effective against gram-pos and gram-neg. Against nosocomial, gonorrhea, GBS.
Glycopeptides are _______ agents only effective against gram-__________ bacteria. What is special about them?
Bactericidal, positive. Act at an earlier stage than beta-lactams.
What do glycopeptides treat (mainly)? Why are gram-negatives resistant to glycopeptides?
Clostridium difficile. Glycopeptides are too large to move through gram negatives’ outer membrane.
What are the two subunits of a ribosome? Name two antibacterial units within each subunit.
30S, 50S.
30S: Aminoglycosides, tetracyclines
50S: erythromycin, clindamycin
What are two mechanisms of action of aminoglycosides?
- misread mRNA, bacterium dies
- bind to proteins in 30S subunit
